Wanyan Liang
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| Wanyan Liang Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.完顔亮 | |||||||||||||
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| Emperor of the Jin dynasty | |||||||||||||
| Reign | 9 January 1150 – 15 December 1161 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Emperor Xizong | ||||||||||||
| Successor | Emperor Shizong | ||||||||||||
| Born | Script error: No such module "person date". | ||||||||||||
| Died | Script error: No such module "person date". | ||||||||||||
| Burial | Tomb of the Prince of Hailing (海陵王陵, in present-day Fangshan District, Beijing) | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | Empress Tudan others | ||||||||||||
| Issue | See § Family | ||||||||||||
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| House | Wanyan | ||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Jin | ||||||||||||
| Father | Wanyan Zonggan | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Lady Da | ||||||||||||
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| Wanyan Liang |
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Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang and his formal title Prince of Hailing (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Hǎilíng Wáng), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of Wanyan Zonggan, the eldest son of the dynastic founder Wanyan Aguda (Emperor Taizu). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" (Script error: No such module "Lang".) – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing" (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[citation needed]
Background
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Digunai was the second son of Woben (Script error: No such module "Lang".; also known as Wanyan Zonggan Script error: No such module "Lang".), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. His mother, Lady Da, came from a pretigous family of Balhae descent.[1] Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong, started a series of wars between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, who succeeded Emperor Taizong, Wanyan Zonggan was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court.[2]
Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him.[3] Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered the massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged.[4]
Reign
Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in the northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 (cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) style of court ceremonies in 1157.[5] Digunai also introduced the imperial examination system in 1150 and set up the Imperial Academy in the following year.[5] In his pursuit for greater sinicisation and the desire to acquire the Mandate of Heaven, Digunai moved his imperial court from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province to Yanjing (present-day Beijing) in 1153. In 1157, he ordered the destruction of the imperial palaces in Shangjing.[5]
In contrast to the traditions of the Tang and Song dynasties, which rarely imposed corporal punishment on the members of the society's educated elites, Digunai continued the Khitan and Jurchen tradition of floggings with gusto, sometimes enjoying personally watching his subjects – including chancellors, censors, and a princess – beaten with poles or whips.[4]
Assassination
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Digunai's attempts to conquer the Southern Song dynasty and unify China under the Jin dynasty's rule ended in failure when his fleet was defeated by Song forces[6] at the battles of Tangdao and Caishi in 1161. Many of his officers defected and in some places the people rebelled against him.[7] His subordinates conspired against him and assassinated him on 15 December 1161 in a military camp near the Yangtze River.[8] Digunai's cousin, Wulu, who had led a rebellion against Digunai's rule, was proclaimed the new emperor.[7]
Family
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- Empress Tudan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d.1170), of the Tudan clan
- Wanyan Guangying, Crown Prince (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1150 – 1161), 2nd son
- First Consort (元妃),[9] personal name Nailahu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- First Consort, of the Da clan of Bohai (Script error: No such module "Lang".),
- Wanyan Yuanshou, Prince of Chong (Script error: No such module "Lang"., d. 1151), 1st son
- Noble Consort, of the Tangkuo clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Dingge (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Li, of the Tangukuo clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Shigge (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Wanyan Shensi'abu, Prince of Su (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1156 – 1158), 3rd son
- Consort Chen, of the Xiao clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Li, of the Yelü clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Zhao, of the Pucha clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Alihu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Zhao, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Alan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Rou, of the Yelü clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Zhao, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".),[10] personal name Shigu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[11]
- Consort Shu, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Pula (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[12]
- Consort Shu, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Shigu'er (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[13]
- Consort Gui, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Shaliguzhen (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[14]
- Consort Zhao, of the Wanyan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Chongjie (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Consort Li, of Tanguko clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Puluhuzhi (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[15]
- Zhaoyuan, of the Yelü clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Xiuyi, of the Gao clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Cairen, of the Nan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Wanyan Guangyang, Prince of Teng (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 4th son
- Lady, of the Pucha clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Chacha (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[16]
- Unknown:
- Princess of Rong (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Henü (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- married Tushan Sila (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Unnamed Princess
- married Xiao Yu's son (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Unnamed Princess
- married Wugulun Yi (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Princess of Rong (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Henü (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
See also
References
Citations
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- ^ Sloane, Jesse D. “Mapping a Stateless Nation: 'Bohai' Identity in the Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, no. 44, 2014, p. 381. JSTOR, https://www.hjstor.org/stable/44511247?seq=17#metadata_info_tab_contents[permanent dead link]. Accessed 29 June. 2021.
- ^ Tao, p. 43
- ^ Chinese History – Jin Dynasty 金 (1115–1234) event history
- ^ a b Tao, p.45
- ^ a b c Tao, p.44
- ^ Tao, pp. 23–24
- ^ a b Tao, p. 70
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
- ^ ex-wife of Zhang Ding'an (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- ^ Wanyan Zongwang's daughter
- ^ formally known as Princess Shouning (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- ^ Wanyan Zongbi's daughter, formally known as Princess Jingle (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- ^ Wanyan Zongjun's daughter
- ^ Known as Princess Huntong (Script error: No such module "Lang".), daughter of Wanyan Zongben
- ^ cousin of Tangkuo Dingge and Tangkuo Shigge
- ^ daughter of Princess Qingyi (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
Sources
- Jing-shen Tao, The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China. University of Washington Press, 1976, Template:ISBN.
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