Kızılırmak River
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| Kızılırmak Halys | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Kızılırmak in Samsun | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Map of the Kızılırmak watershed | |
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| Native name | Template:Native name checker |
| Location | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Cities | Sivas, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Black Sea |
• location | Bafra, Samsun Province |
• coordinates | Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
• elevation | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| Length | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
Basin size | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • minimum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • average | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • maximum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Devrez River, Gök River |
| • right | Delice River |
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Official name | Kizilirmak Delta |
| Designated | April 15, 1998[1] |
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The Kızılırmak (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Turkish for "Red River"), historically known as the Halys River (Template:Langx), is the longest river flowing entirely within Turkey. It is a source of hydroelectric power and is not used for navigation.
Geography
The Kızılırmak flows for a total of 1,355 kilometres (842 mi),[2] rising in Eastern Anatolia around Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found., flowing first to the west and southwest until Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found., then forming a wide arch, the "Halys bend", flowing first to the west, then to the northwest, passing to the northeast of Lake Tuz (Tuz Gölü in Turkish), then to the north and northeast, where it is joined by its major tributary, the Delice River (once known in Greek as the Cappadox river) at Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.. After zigzagging to the northwest to the confluence with the Devrez River at Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found., and back to the northeast, it joins the Gökırmak (Sky River in Turkish) before finally flowing via a wide delta into the Black Sea northwest of Samsun at Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found..
Delta
History
The Hittites called the river the Maraššantiya,[3] and it formed the western boundary of Hatti, the core land of the Hittite empire.[citation needed] Thales of Miletus is said to have used early engineering techniques to allow the Lydian army to cross the river.[4]
Until the Roman conquest of Anatolia the Halys River (later renamed the Kızılırmak by the Turks) served as a natural political boundary in central Asia Minor, first between the kingdom of Lydia and the Persian Empire, and later between the Pontic Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cappadocia. As the site of the Battle of Halys, or the Battle of the Eclipse, on May 28, 585 BC,[5] the river formed the border between Lydia to the west and Media to the east until Croesus of Lydia crossed it to attack Cyrus the Great in 547 BC. He was defeated and Persia expanded to the Aegean Sea.
In the 1st century AD Vespasian combined several provinces, including Cappadocia, to create one large province with its eastern boundary marked by the Euphrates River. This province once again splintered during TrajanTemplate:'s reign - the newly created province of Cappadocia, bounded by the Euphrates to the East, included Pontus and Lesser Armenia. The Halys River became an interior river and never regained its significance as a political border. In the 130s a governor of Cappadocia wrote: "long ago the Halys River was the boundary between the kingdom of Croesus and the Persian Empire; now it flows under Roman dominion."[6]
Dams and agriculture
The river's water is used to grow rice and in a few areas water buffalo are kept. There are dams on the river at Boyabat, Altınkaya and Derbent. Dams have reduced the flow of sediment to the delta, allowing coastal erosion.[7]
Notes
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ramsar List". Ramsar.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turkish Statistical Institute (2011). "Land and Climate". Turkey in Statistics 2011: The Summary of Turkey's Statistical Yearbook, 2011. p. 2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matthews, Roger; Glatz, Claudia (2009). "The historical geography of north-central Anatolia in the Hittite period: texts and archaeology in concert". Anatolian Studies. 59: 51–72.
Identification of the modern Kızılırmak, Classical Halys, with the Hittite Marassanta is well-established and need not be here reviewed.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, C. Stephen (2018-10-09). A History of Western Philosophy: From the Pre-Socratics to Postmodernism. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-7369-2.
- ^ Historically it was known as the Battle of Halys; it has since been renamed by some as the Battle of the Eclipse, as the first premodern battle which can be dated with certainty due to the eclipse which brought about its sudden end.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dam, Raymond Van (2002-08-30). Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3681-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scaramelli, Caterina (August 2018). ""THE WETLAND IS DISAPPEARING": CONSERVATION AND CARE ON TURKEY'S KIZILIRMAK DELTA". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 50 (3): 405–425. doi:10.1017/S0020743818000788. ISSN 0020-7438.
External links
- Livius.org: Halys - Photos
- sdu.dk/halys
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