List of premodern combat weapons
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This is a list of notable types of weapons that were used in warfare, and more broadly in combat, prior to the advent of the early modern period, i.e., approximately prior to the start of the 16th century. It therefore excludes objects that may be broadly understood as weapons but are not combat weapons, such as ceremonial weapons and ritual tools shaped or conceptualized as weapons, hunting weapons, and other items that may be perceived as weapons but for which there is no historical evidence of their use in combat during the relevant period.
The entries are grouped according to their uses, with similar weapons categorized together. Some weapons may fit more than one category (e.g. the spear may be used either as a polearm or as a projectile), and the earliest gunpowder weapons that fill within this period are also included.
Hand-to-hand combat
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Hand or fist weapons and fans
Single-handed weapons not resembling a straight dagger blade, usually wielded without wrist action; often protects the forearm.
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- Bagh nakh, tiger claws (Indian)
- Brass knuckles, knuckle dusters (European)
- Cestus, bladed cestus, caestus, myrmex, sfere (Mediterranean)
- Deer horn knives (Chinese)
- Emeici (Chinese)
- Finger knife[1] (African)
- Gauntlet (European)
- Indian parrying weapon[1]
- Japanese fan, iron fan, Tekkō
- Katar, suwaiya (कटार) (Indian)
- Korean fan, mubuchae (무부채), tempered birch fan
- Larim fighting bracelet, nyepel[1] (African)
- Maduvu, buckhorn parrying stick, maru[1] (Indian)
- Pata, sword gauntlet (Indian)
- Push dagger, also see Katar (dagger) (Indian)
- Tekko, tekko kagi (Japanese)
- Wind and fire wheels (Chinese)
- Moche tiger claw (Peru)
Edged and bladed weapons
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Swords
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Curved one-handed
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- Dao, beidao, zhibei dao (Chinese)
- Dao (Northeast Indian)
- Dha (Southeast Asian)
- Falchion (European)
- Hwando (Korean)
- Kampilan (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
- Khopesh, sappara, sickle sword (Egyptian, Middle Eastern)
- Kilij (North Indian, Middle Eastern)
- Klewang (Southeast Asian)
- Krabi (Southeast Asian)
- Liuyedao (Chinese)
- Mameluke (Middle Eastern)
- Nimcha (African)
- Parang Nabur (Bornean)
- Piandao (Chinese)
- Pulwar (Middle Eastern)
- Scimitar, saif (Middle Eastern)
- Shamshir (Pakistani, North Indian, Middle Eastern)
- Shashka (Caucasian, Circassian)
- Surik (Indonesian)
- Talwar (Pakistani, North Indian, Middle Eastern)
- Yanmaodao (Chinese)
Straight one-handed
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- Arming sword, war sword (European)
- Backsword (European)
- Chokutō (Japanese)
- Estoc (European)
- Firangi, firanghi[1] (Central Asian)
- Flamberge (European)
- Flyssa (North African)
- Hwandudaedo (Korean)
- Ida (West African)
- Jian (Chinese)
- Kampilan (Philippinese)
- Kaskara (Central African)
- Khanda (South Asian)
- Moplah[1] (Southwestern Indian)
- Patag (Bhutanese)
- Rapier (European)
- Saingeom (Korean)
- Seax (European)
- Side sword (European)
- Sikin Panyang (Sumatran)
- Spatha (Mediterranean, Greek)
- Takoba (North African)
- Tibetan Jian[1] (Middle Asian)
- Tsurugi (Japanese)
- Ulfberht (Frankish)
Curved two-handed
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Hand-and-a-half and two-handed greatswords
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- Assamese dao[1] (Indian, Southeast Asian)
- Boar sword[1] (European)
- Changdao (Chinese)
- Claidheamh da laimh, highland sword[1] (European)
- Claymore, Scottish Gaelic for "great sword" (Scottish, European)
- Dadao (Chinese)
- Executioner's sword, heading sword, sword of justice (European)
- Flame-bladed sword, flambard, flammard, flammenschwert (European)
- Katana (Japanese)
- Longsword, bastard sword, espée bastarde, hand and a half sword (European)
- Nagamaki[4] (Japanese)
- Nodachi, Ōdachi (Japanese)
- Parade sword, paratschwerter[1] (European)
- Wodao (Chinese)
- Zanbatō (Japanese)
- Zhanmadao (Chinese)
- Zweihänder, great sword, espadon, spadone, tuck, montante, lowland sword, two handed sword, dopplehänder (European)
Shortswords
Delineated as 20-28 inches/51–71 cm total length.[2]
Curved shortswords include the following:
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Straight shortswords include the following:
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- Baselard (European)
- Bilbo (European)
- Billao (Somali)
- Bolo, itak (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
- Cinquedea, anelace (European)
- Colichemarde (European)
- Gladius (Roman)
- Luwuk (Javanese)
- Misericorde (European)
- Ninjatō, Shinobi gatana (Japanese)
- Small sword (European)
- Swiss dagger, holbein dagger, schweizerdegen (European)
- Xiphos (Greek)
Axe-like
Generally, convex blades used for heavy chopping or slashing.
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- Aruval (South Indian)
- Bolo, itak (Philippinese, Asian)
- Falcata (Mediterranean)
- Golok (Southeast Asian)
- Harpe, harpi (Greek)
- Kopis (Greek)
- Kora[5] (Nepali)
- Kudi (Southeast Asian)
- Kukri, khukri (Nepali)
- Machete (Spain, Latin America)
- Vettukathi (South Indian)
- Mahera (Greek)
- One handed Dacian falx, sica (Mediterranean, Greek)
- Parang Pandit (Southeast Asian)
- Sosun pattah[1] (South Asian)
- Yatagan, yataghan (Middle Eastern)
Other
- Hook sword (Chinese)
- Kris, keris sundang, keris bahari (Indonesian)
- Nandaka, Nair, nayar (Indian)
Fighting knives and daggers
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Sickles and sickle like knives
Generally short, concave blades used for heavy cutting.
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- Arit (Maduresian, Indonesian)
- Karambit, kerambit, korambit (Minangkabauian, Indonesian)
- Kujang (Sundanese, Indonesian)
- Kukri (Indian)
- Mandau (Malaysian, Indonesian, Bornean, Bruneian)
- Pichangatti[1] (Indian)
- Punyal (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
- Sickle (Improvised, worldwide)
- Sudanese sickle knife[1] (African)
Picks and pickaxes
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- Chicken sickles (Chinese)
- Crowbill (European, Central Asian)
- Elephant goad, ankus, ankusha, bullhook, elephant hook (South and Southeast Asian)
- Hakapik (European)
- Horseman's pick, martel de fer, also a blunt weapon (European)
- Kama (Japanese)
- Mattock (Improvised, European)
- Pickaxe (Improvised, European)
- War hammer also a blunt weapon (European)
Axes
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- Adze (Improvised, European)
- Bardiche (European)
- Battle axe (European)
- Bhuj with blade shaped like the dagger on a long shaft[1]
- Broadaxe (European)
- Congolese axe[1] (African)
- Dahomey axe club, also an effective blunt weapon[1] (African)
- Danish axe, hafted axe, English long axe, Viking axe, Danish longer axe (European)
- Doloire (European)
- Fu (Chinese)
- Hand axe, ovate handaxe (Paleolithic)
- Hatchet (European)
- Igorot headhunting axe[6] (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
- Labrys, pelekys (Greek)
- Long-bearded axe (European)
- Masakari (Japanese)
- Nzappa zap also thrown (African)
- Ono (Japanese)
- Palstave (Bronze Age, improvised, European)
- Sagaris (Middle Eastern)
- Shepherd's axe, valaška (European)
- Sparth Axe (European)
- Tabarzin (Middle Eastern)
- Tomahawk, Spontoon Tomahawk, also thrown (American)
- Tlaximaltepoztli (American)
- Vechevoral[1] (Middle Asian)
Truncheons and blunt weapons
Usually wielded with one or two hands at close quarters with striking motions, although some sharp-pointed truncheons like the sai were more often used for stabbing.
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- Aklys (Osci tribe of Southern Italy)
- Bō (Japanese)
- Bokken (Japanese)
- Clubbing boomerang (Worldwide)
- Returning boomerang (Australian)
- Cambuk (Southeast Asian)
- Canne de combat (European)
- Cateia (European)
- Chúi (Chinese)
- Club, baseball bat, stone club, truncheon, cudgel, bludgeon
- Crop (Worldwide)
- Bastons, Eskrima Sticks, straight sticks (Southeast Asian)
- Flail (European)
- Gada (Indian)
- Gunstock war club also thrown (American)
- Gurz, Ottoman gurz[1] (Middle Eastern)
- Hammer (Improvised)
- Hanbō (Japanese)
- Horseman's pick, horseman's hammer, martel de fer, also a pickaxe weapon (European)
- Jawbone war club (American)
- Jō (Japanese)
- Jutte, jitte (Japanese)
- Kanabō (Japanese)
- Knobkierrie, knopkierie, knobkerry (African)
- Kotiate (Māori)
- Kurunthadi, churuvadi, kuruvadi, muchan, otta (Indian)
- Macana (American)
- Mace, spiked mace, flanged mace (European, Middle Asian)
- Macuahuitl, maquahuitl (American)
- Mallet (American)
- Mere used to strike, jab (Māori)
- Morning star, goedendag, holy water sprinkler (European)
- Mughal[1] (Central Asian)
- Ōtsuchi (Japanese)
- Patu, patuki (Māori)
- Plançon a picot, planson (European)
- Quauholōlli (American)
- Roundhead (European)
- Rungu also thrown (African)
- Sai (Okinawan, Japanese)
- Shestopyor, Pernach (Russian)
- Shillelagh (Irish)
- Short scepter, mace scepter (European)
- Stone war club (American)
- Suburito (Japanese)
- Sword mace 鐧 (Chinese)
- Tambo, tanbo (Okinawan)
- Tekkan (Japanese)
- Tekpi (Malaysia)
- Tewhatewha (Māori)
- Tonfa (Okinawan)
- Waddy, Nulla Nulla (Australian)
- War hammer also a pickaxe weapon (European)
- Yawara, pasak, yawara bo, dulodulo (Japanese, Southeast Asian)
- Yubi-bo (Japanese)
Polearms and spears
Template:Main article Wielded mainly with two hands. Primarily for hand-to-hand combat with sweeping, thrusting, and or hooking motions.
Blunt staves
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- Bâton français (European)
- Bō (Japanese)
- Eku (Okinawan)
- Gun (Chinese)
- Jō (Japanese)
- Lathi (Indian)
- Naboot, shoum, nabboot, asa, asaya (Middle Eastern)
- Quarterstaff (European)
- Shareeravadi (Middle Asian)
- Taiaha (Māori)
Spears
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- Ahlspiess, awl pike (European)
- Aklys (Osci tribe of Southern Italy)
- Atgeir (European)
- Boar spear (European)
- Brandistock, feather staff, buttafuore (European)
- Dangpa chang also thrown (Korean)
- Dory (Greek)
- Hasta (Roman)
- Hoko yari (Japanese)
- Iklwa (Zulu tribe of South Africa)
- Jukjangchangbo, daijichang, toupjang, nangsun, dongyemochang, chichang, sabarichang, yangjimochang (Korean)
- Lance (European)
- Menavlion, menavlon (Greek)
- Migration Period spear, geirr, gaizaz, gar, ger, framea (European)
- Military fork (European)
- Pike (English)
- Pitchfork (Improvised)
- Qiang (Chinese)
- Ranseur, rawcon, runka (European)
- Saintie[1] (Middle Asian)
- Sang[7] (Indian)
- Sarissa (Greek)
- Sibat, bangkaw, palupad, sumbling (Southeast Asian)
- Sovnya (Russian)
- Spetum (European)
- Swordstaff (European)
- Trident
- Trishula (Indian, Southeast Asian)
- Yari (Japanese)
Polearms with axe-like blades
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- Arbir (Southeast Asian)
- Bardiche (European)
- Bec de corbin, bec de faucon (European)
- Bill, English bill, bill hook, bill guisarme (European)
- Bisento (Japanese)
- Chacing staff (European)
- Dagger-axe, ko (Chinese)
- Danish axe, hafted axe, English long axe, Viking axe, Danish longer axe (European)
- Epsilon axe (European, Middle Eastern)
- Fauchard (European)
- Glaive (European)
- Guan (kwan) dao (Chinese)
- Guisarme (European)
- Halberd (European)
- Jedwart stave (European)
- Ji (Chinese)
- Lochaber axe (European)
- Long handled nagamaki (Japanese)
- Man catcher (European)
- Monk's spade (Chinese)
- Naginata (Japanese)
- Ngao (Southeast Asian)
- Nulbjakchang, galgorichang (Korean)
- Ox tongue spear (European)
- Partisan, partizan (European)
- Pollaxe, poleaxe (European)
- Pudao (Chinese)
- Romphea, romfea (Greek)
- Sasumata (Japanese)
- Scythe (Improvised)
- Sodegarami (Japanese)
- Tepoztopilli (American)
- Tongi, four pointed tongi, two pointed[1] (South Asian)
- Tsukubō (Japanese)
- Two handed Dacian falx (Mediterranean, Greek)
- Voulge (European)
- War scythe
Polearms with spikes and hammers
- Bec de corbin (European)
- Lucerne hammer (European)
- Zhua (Chinese)
Flexible weapons
Whips
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- Bullwhip (Worldwide)
- Buntot Pagi (Philippinese)
- Cat o' nine tails (European)
- Chain whip, jiujiebian, samjitbin, qijiebian (Chinese)
- Knout (Eastern European)
- Nagyka, nagaika, nogaika (Eastern European)
- Small whips, crops (Worldwide)
- Stockwhip (Australian)
- Urumi, chuttuval (Indian)
Sectional and composite
Having multiple handles or holdable sections.
- Nunchaku (Okinawan)
- Tabak-Toyok, chako (Southeast Asian)
- Three-section staff (Okinawan, Chinese))
- Two-section staff, xhang xiao ban, could also be considered a polearm (Chinese)
Chains and ropes
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- Chigiriki (Japanese)
- Cumberjung, double ended flail, flail with quoits[1] (Indian)
- Flail, fleau d'armes, kriegsflegel (European)
- Flying claws (Chinese)
- Flying guillotine (Chinese)
- Kusari-fundo, manrikigusari, manriki (Japanese)
- Kusari-gama (Japanese)
- Kyoketsu-shoge (Japanese)
- Lasso, uurga, lariat (American, Chinese)
- Meteor hammer, dragon's fist, dai chui, flying hammer, sheng bao, liu xing chui (Chinese)
- Rope dart, jouhyou, rope javelin, sheng biao (Japanese, Chinese)
- Monkey's fist (Improvised, European, Japanese, Chinese)
- Surujin, suruchin (Okinawan)
Shields
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- Aspis, oplon (Greek)
- Buckler (European)
- Clipeus (Roman, Greek)
- Dhal (Indian)
- Heater shield, heraldic shield (European)
- Hide, wickerwork, leather and ceremonial shields (Tribal, Worldwide)
- Hungarian shield (European)
- Kite shield (European)
- Lantern shield (Italian)
- Parma, parmula (Roman)
- Peltarion (Greek)
- Rattan shield (Korean, Chinese)
- Round shield
- Scuta, rectangular, tower and oval scutum (Roman)
- Targe (European)
- Nguni shield (African)
- Chīmalli (American)
Thrown
Throwing blades and darts
- Chakram (Indian, Southeast Asian)
- Kunai (Improvised, Japanese)
- Mambele (African)
- Plumbata (European)
- Shuriken (Japanese)
- Swiss arrow (European)
- Throwing dart (Worldwide)
- Throwing knife (Worldwide)
Throwing spears
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- Angon (European)
- Assegai, assagai (African)
- Atlatl and darts (American, Paleolithic tribes)
- Falarica, phalarica (Mediterranean)
- Harpoon (Worldwide)
- Jangchang (Korean)
- Javelin (Mediterranean)
- Lancea (Mediterranean)
- Mesangylon (Greek)
- Metal bar, metal pipe (Improvised, Worldwide)
- Northern spear[8] (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
- Pilum (Roman)
- Soliferrum, saunion, soliferreum (Mediterranean)
- Spiculum (Roman)
- Vel (Indian)
- Verutum (Roman)
- Woomera, amirre (Australian)
Throwing axes
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- Francisca, francesca (European)
- Hunga munga, danisco, goleyo, njiga (African)
- Hurlbat, whirlbat (European)
- Kapak siam (Asian)
- Nzappa zap (African)
- Tomahawk also an axe weapon (American)
Throwing balls
- Bolas, ayllo, liwi, qilumitautit (Central American, South American, Arctic)
- Slungshot not to be confused with a slingshot (Improvised, Worldwide)
- Stone, rock (Improvised, Worldwide)
Throwing sticks
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- Boomerang (Australian, Worldwide)
- Knobkierrie, knopkierie, knobkerry, also a blunt weapon (African)
- Rungu (East African)
- Stick, branch (Improvised, Worldwide)
Gunpowder-based
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- Abus howitzer (Turkish)
- Arquebus, caliver, hackbut, harkbus, harquebus (European)
- Bajō-zutsu pistol (Japanese)
- Basilisk cannon (European)
- Bâton à feu hand cannon (French)
- Bedil tumbak hand cannon (Indonesian)
- Blunderbuss, donderbus (European)
- Bō-hiya rocket arrow (Japanese)
- Bombard (European, Middle Eastern, Chinese)
- Byzantine bombard (Greek)
- Byzantine fire tube (cannon)[9] (Greek)
- Byzantine rocket launcher[10] (Greek)
- Cannon (European, Middle Eastern, Chinese)
- Cetbang cannon (Indonesian, Southeast Asian)
- Che Dian Chong musket (Chinese)
- Chongtong cannon (Korean)
- Culverin cannon (French)
- Dardanelles bombard (Turkish)
- Dulle Griet bombard (Belgian)
- Ekor lotong cannon (Malaysian)
- Falconet, falcon cannon (European)
- Fauconneau cannon (European)
- Faule Grete bombard (Polish)
- Faule Mette bombard (German)
- Fire arrow, rocket arrow (Chinese)
- Fire lance, Huo Qiang lance hand cannon (Chinese)
- Grose Bochse bombard (German)
- Hand cannon (European, Middle Eastern, Chinese)
- Hand mortar (European)
- Heilongjiang hand cannon (Chinese)
- Hu Dun Pao cannon (Chinese)
- Huo Che rocket arrow launcher (Chinese)
- Huo Chong hand cannon (Chinese)
- Hwacha rocket arrow launcher (Korean)
- Istinggar arquebus (Indonesian)
- Java arquebus (Indonesian)
- Jiaozhi arquebus (Vietnamese)
- Korean cannon
- Lantaka, rentaka cannon (Philippinese, Indonesian, Malaysian, Southeast Asian)
- Lela cannon (Malaysian)
- Matchlock
- Meriam kecil hand cannon (Indonesian, Malaysian)
- Mons Meg bombard (Belgian)
- Mortar (European, Middle Eastern, Chinese)
- Orban bombard (Turkish)
- Organ gun, ribauldequin, ribauiidkin, ribault, rabauld (European)
- Petronel hand cannon (European)
- Pierrier a boite cannon (French)
- Pistol (European)
- Pot de fer cannon (French)
- Prangi, pranki, pranku, paranki, pranga, parangi, prangu, parangu, piranki, pirangi, farangi, firingi, firingiha cannon (Turkish, Indian)
- Pumhart von Steyr bombard (Austrian)
- San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon (Chinese)
- Shou Chong hand cannon (Chinese)
- Singijeon, shinkichon rocket arrow (Korean)
- Tanegashima arquebus (Japanese)
- Tarasnice cannon (European)
- Toradar, torador arquebus (Indian)
- Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon (Chinese)
- Veuglaire cannon (French)
- Wankou Chong cannon (Chinese)
- Xanadu cannon (Chinese)
- Xi Xia cannon (Chinese)
- Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket (Chinese)
Slings
- Kestros, cestrus, cestrosfendoni, kestrosfedoni (Greek)
- Sling (Worldwide)
- Stave sling, fustibale (Mediterranean)
Bows
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Longbows
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- Daikyu (Japanese)
- Decurve bow
- Deflex bow
- English longbow, warbow
- Flatbow
- Self bow
- Welsh longbow, warbow
Recurve bows
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Short bows and reflex bows
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- Gungdo, hwal (Korean)
- Hankyu (Japanese)
- Mongol bow
- Turkish bow
Crossbows
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- Arbalest, arblast (European)
- Bullet bow, English bullet bow, pellet crossbow[1] (European)
- Cheiroballistra, hirovallistra hand ballista (Roman, Greek)
- Crossbow (European, Chinese)
- Gastraphetes, gastrafetis (Greek)
- Pistol crossbow
- Repeating crossbow, chu ko nu, zhuge (Chinese)
- Skåne lockbow (European)
- Stone bow (European)
Blowguns
Stationary, mounted, or wheeled ballistic devices
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- Ballista (European, Asian)
- Ballista elephant (Angkor)
- Carroballista (Roman)
- Catapult (European, Asian)
- Catapulta (Roman)
- Efthytonon catapult (Greek)
- Hu Dun Pao trebuchet (Chinese)
- Mangonel (Chinese)
- Onager (Roman)
- Oxybeles, oxyvelis ballista (Greek)
- Palintonon catapult (Greek)
- Polybolos, polyvolos repeating ballista (Greek)
- Trebuchet (European, Asian)
Flamethrowers
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- Pen Huo Qi flamethrower (Chinese)
- Greek fire[9]
See also
Swords
- List of Japanese swords
- List of fictional swords
- List of legendary swords
- List of historical swords
- Classification of swords
- List of types of swords
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Regan, Paula, ed. (2006). Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7566-2210-7.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cope, Anne, ed. (1989). Swords and Hilt Weapons. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 8. ISBN 1-55584-290-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gordon, Col. D.H. (1953). "Swords, Rapiers and Horse riders". Antiquity. 27 (106). Antiquity Publications Ltd: 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00024595. S2CID 163326613.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Levine, Bernard; Weland, Gerald. Knives, swords, & daggers. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 200.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton (2002) [reporoduced in facsimile from A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour, published in 1896, which was the second and expanded edition of An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms published in 1880]. Indian and Oriental armour. Dover Publications. p. 100. ISBN 978-0486422299.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Igorot Head Hunting Axe #2". Traditional Filipino Weapons.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Spear (Sang) Indian". The Met.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Northern spear".
- ^ a b Γεώργιος Ηλιόπουλος (Georgios Iliopoulos), "Η χαμένη πυραυλική τεχνολογία των αρχαίων Ελλήνων" (The lost missile technology of the ancient Greeks), Ιχώρ (Ihor), 27, page 12-13, Greece, 2002.
- ^ Γεώργιος Ηλιόπουλος (Georgios Iliopoulos), "Η χαμένη πυραυλική τεχνολογία των αρχαίων Ελλήνων" (The lost missile technology of the ancient Greeks), Ιχώρ (Ihor), 27, page 13, Greece, 2002.
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