Hermaphrodite

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hermaphroditism)

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Cs1 config Template:Sex (biology) sidebar

File:Snails mating.jpg
Garden snails mating

A hermaphrodite (/hərˈmæfrəˌdaɪt/) is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes.[1] Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.[2] Plant species in which individuals are either male or female are dioecious.[3][4]

The individuals of many taxonomic groups of animals, primarily invertebrates, are hermaphrodites, capable of producing viable gametes of both sexes. In the great majority of tunicates, mollusks, and earthworms, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the female or male. Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species, but is rare in other vertebrate groups. Among plants the vast majority of angiosperms (flowering plants) are hermaphrodites.[4] Most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization. The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants, suggesting that similar pressures are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants.[5]

A rough estimate of the number of hermaphroditic animal species is 65,000, about 5% of all animal species, or 33% excluding insects. Insects are almost exclusively gonochoric.[6] There are no known hermaphroditic species among mammals[7] or birds.[8]

About 94% of flowering plant species are either homoecious (all flowers produce both male and female gametes) or monoecious,[9] where both male and female flowers occur on the same plant. There are also mixed breeding systems, in both plants and animals, where hermaphrodite individuals coexist with males (called androdioecy) or with females (called gynodioecy), or all three exist in the same species (called trioecy).[10][11] Sometimes, both male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same plant (andromonoecy) or both female and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same plant (gynomonoecy).[12]

Hermaphrodism is not to be confused with ovotesticular syndrome in mammals, which is a separate and unrelated phenomenon. While people with the condition were previously called "true hermaphrodites" in medical literature, this usage is now considered to be outdated as of 2006 and misleading,[13][14] as people with ovotesticular syndrome do not have functional sets of both male and female organs.[15][16]

Etymology

The term hermaphrodite derives from the Template:Langx, from Template:Langx,[17] which derives from Hermaphroditus (Ἑρμαφρόδιτος), the child of Hermes and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. According to Ovid, he fused with the nymph Salmacis resulting in one individual possessing physical traits of male and female sexes.[18] According to the earlier Diodorus Siculus, he was born with a physical body combining male and female sexes.[19] The word hermaphrodite entered the English lexicon as early as the late fourteenth century.[20]

Animals

Sequential hermaphrodites

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:Crepidula fornicata.JPG
Shells of Crepidula fornicata (common slipper shell)
File:Ocellaris clownfish.JPG
Clownfish are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes a female.
File:Parrotfish Timor.jpg
Most species of parrotfish start life as females and later change into males.

Sequential hermaphrodites (dichogamy) occur in species in which the individual first develops as one sex, but can later change into the opposite sex.[21] (Definitions differ on whether sequential hermaphroditism encompasses serial hermaphroditism; for authors who exclude serial hermaphroditism, a sequential hermaphrodite is also stipulated to only change sex once.[22]) This contrasts with simultaneous hermaphrodites, in which an individual possesses fully functional male and female gametes. Sequential hermaphroditism is common in fish (particularly teleost fish) and many gastropods (such as the common slipper shell). Sequential hermaphroditism can best be understood in terms of behavioral ecology and evolutionary life history theory, as described in the size-advantage mode[23] first proposed by Michael T. Ghiselin[24] which states that if an individual of a certain sex could significantly increase its reproductive success after reaching a certain size, it would be to their advantage to switch to that sex.

Sequential hermaphrodites can be divided into three broad categories:

  • Protandry: Where an organism develops as a male, and then changes sex to a female.[21]
    • Example: The clownfish (genus Amphiprion) are colorful reef fish found living in symbiosis with sea anemones. Generally one anemone contains a 'harem', consisting of a large female, a smaller reproductive male, and even smaller non-reproductive males. If the female is removed, the reproductive male will change sex and the largest of the non-reproductive males will mature and become reproductive. It has been shown that fishing pressure can change when the switch from male to female occurs, since fishermen usually prefer to catch the larger fish. The populations are generally changing sex at a smaller size, due to natural selection.
    • Example: The Cymothoa Exigua, also known as the tongue eating louse is another example. They are born male before developing into a female when in the presence of another male.
  • Protogyny: Where the organism develops as a female, and then changes sex to a male.[21]
    • Example: Wrasses (Family Labridae) are a group of reef fish in which protogyny is common. Wrasses also have an uncommon life history strategy, which is termed diandry (literally, two males). In these species, two male morphs exists: an initial phase male and a terminal phase male. Initial phase males do not look like males and spawn in groups with females. They are not territorial. They are, perhaps, female mimics (which is why they are found swimming in group with females). Terminal phase males are territorial and have a distinctively bright coloration.[25] Individuals are born as males or females, but if they are born males, they are not born as terminal phase males. Females and initial phase males can become terminal phase males. Usually, the most dominant female or initial phase male replaces any terminal phase male when those males die or abandon the group.
  • Bidirectional sex changers: Where an organism has female and male reproductive organs, but may act either as a female or as a male during different stages in life.[21]
    • Example: Lythrypnus dalli (Family Lythrypnus) are a group of coral reef fish in which bidirectional sex change occurs. Once a social hierarchy is established a fish changes sex according to its social status, regardless of the initial sex, based on a simple principle: if the fish expresses subordinate behavior then it changes its sex to female, and if the fish expresses dominant or non-dominant superior behavior then it changes its sex to male.[26]

Dichogamy can have both conservation-related implications for humans, as mentioned above, as well as economic implications. For instance, groupers are favoured fish for eating in many Asian countries and are often aquacultured. Since the adults take several years to change from female to male, the broodstock are extremely valuable individuals.

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

File:Mating Pseudobiceros bedfordi.png
Turbellarians mating by penis fencing. Each has two penises on the undersides of their heads which they use to inject sperm.
File:Mating earthworms.jpg
Earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites, having both male and female reproductive organs.

Simultaneous hermaphrodites (or homogamous hermaphrodites) are individuals in which both male and female sexual organs are present and functional at the same time.[21] Self-fertilization often occurs.[15]

  • Pulmonate land snails and land slugs are perhaps the best-known kinds of simultaneous hermaphrodites, and are the most widespread of terrestrial animals possessing this sexual polymorphism. Sexual material is exchanged between both animals via spermatophores, and is then stored in the spermatheca. After exchange of spermatozoa, both animals will lay fertilized eggs after a period of gestation. The eggs will proceed to hatch after a development period. Snails typically reproduce from early spring through late autumn.[27]
  • Banana slugs are an example of a hermaphroditic gastropod. Mating with a partner is more desirable biologically than self-fertilization, as the genetic material of the resultant offspring is varied, but if mating with a partner is not possible, self-fertilization is practiced. The male sexual organ of an adult banana slug is quite large in proportion to its size, as well as compared to the female organ. It is possible for banana slugs, while mating, to become stuck together. If a substantial amount of wiggling fails to separate them, the male organ will be bitten off (using the slug's radula), see apophallation. If a banana slug has lost its male sexual organ, it can still mate as a female, making hermaphroditism a valuable adaptation.[28]
  • The species of colourful sea slugs Goniobranchus reticulatus is hermaphroditic, with both male and female organs active at the same time during copulation. After mating, the external portion of the penis detaches, but is able to regrow within 24 hours.[29][30]
  • Earthworms are another example of a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Although they possess ovaries and testes, they have a protective mechanism against self-fertilization. Sexual reproduction occurs when two worms meet and exchange gametes, copulating on damp nights during warm seasons.
  • The free-living hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans reproduces primarily by self-fertilization, but infrequent out-crossing events occur at a rate of approximately 1%.[31]
  • Hamlets do not practice self-fertilization, but a pair will mate multiple times over several nights, taking turns between which one acts as the male and which acts as the female.[32][failed verification]
  • The mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) are simultaneous hermaphrodites, producing both eggs and sperm and routinely reproducing by self-fertilization. Each individual normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish's body.[33] This species is also regarded as the only known vertebrate species that can reproduce by self fertilization.[34]

Pseudohermaphroditism

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

When spotted hyenas were first scientifically observed by explorers, they were thought to be hermaphrodites. Early observations of wild spotted hyenas led researchers to believe that all spotted hyenas, male or female, were born with what looked to be a penis. A female spotted hyena's apparent penis is in fact an enlarged clitoris, which contains an external birth canal.[35][36] It can be difficult to determine the sex of spotted hyenas until sexual maturity, when they may become pregnant. When a female spotted hyena gives birth, she passes the cub through the cervix internally, but then passes it out through the elongated clitoris.[37]

Plants

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Photo of a flower with a large orange centre and delicate yellow stigma protruding. The centre is surrounded by white petals and a halo of green and yellow spikes.
Hylocereus undatus, a hermaphrodite plant with perfect flowers that have both functional carpels and stamens

The term hermaphrodite or Bisexual is used in botany to describe, for example, a perfect flower that has both staminate (male, pollen-producing) and carpellate (female, ovule-producing). Individuals with these flowers are referred to as homoecious. The overwhelming majority of angiosperms (flowering plant) species are hermaphroditic.[38] Alternatively, plant species of (exclusively male) and (exclusively female) individuals are referred to as Dioecious. Papaya and Kiwi are examples of well known dioecious plants.[39][40]

File:Homoecy Monoecy Dioecy en.svg
Homoecious (bisexual) and monoecious (sex segregated) flowers compared to those of dioecious plants having either all male or all female flowers.

Monoecy

Flowering plant species with separate, imperfect, male and female flowers on the same individual are called monoecious. Monoecy only occurs in about 7% of flowering plant species.[41] Monoecious plants are referred to as hermaphroditic because one individual produces both male and female gametes. However, the individual flowers are not hermaphroditic as they only produce gametes of one sex.[42] 65% of gymnosperm species are dioecious, but conifers are almost all monoecious.[43] Some plants can change their sex throughout their lifetime, a phenomenon called sequential hermaphroditism.[44]

Andromonoecy

File:Pollen cone on a Ponderosa pine in Tuntorp, Brastad, Sweden.jpg
Male pollen cones of Ponderosa pine
File:Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa cones and shoots 1.JPG
Female pine cones of Ponderosa pine
Pinus ponderosa A monoecious hermaphrodite. Both male and female sex organs are found on the same individual

In andromonoecious species, the plants produce perfect (hermaphrodite) flowers and separate fertile male flowers that are sterile as female.[45][46] Andromonoecy occurs in about 4000 species of flowering plants (2% of flowering plants).[47]

Gynomonoecy

In gynomonoecious species, the plants produce hermaphrodite flowers and separate male-sterile pistillate flowers.[45] One example is the meadow saxifrage, Saxifraga granulata.[48] Charles Darwin gave several other examples in his 1877 book "The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species".[49]

About 57% of moss species and 68% of liverworts are unisexual, meaning that their gametophytes produce either male or female gametes, but not both.[50]Template:Rp

Sequential hermaphroditism is common in bryophytes and some vascular plants.[51]




Use regarding humans

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:Hermaphroditus lady lever.jpg
Hermaphroditus, the "son/daughter/child" of the Greek god Hermes and the Greek goddess Aphrodite, origin of the word "hermaphrodite"
File:The Town of Obando historical marker and Obando Fertility Rite sculpture at the town hall in 2012.jpg
The Obando Fertility Rites in the Philippines, before becoming a Catholic festival, was initially an Anitist ritual dedicated to the hermaphrodite deity, Lakapati, who presided over fertility.[52]
File:Nadar - "Hermaphrodite" (Seventh Gallica image).jpg
1860 photograph by Nadar of a person displaying ambiguous genitalia, one of a nine-part series. The series may be the earliest medical photographic documentation of an intersex person.[53]Template:Rp

Medieval

Historically, the term hermaphrodite was used in law to refer to people whose sex was in doubt. The 12th-century Script error: No such module "Lang". states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" ("Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.").[54][55]

Alexander ab Alexandro (1461–1523) stated, using the term hermaphrodite, that the people who bore the sexes of both man and woman were regarded by the Athenians and the Romans as monsters, and thrown into the sea at Athens and into the Tiber at Rome.[56] In the European middle ages, people identified as hermaphrodites challenged the society that was built on strict gender roles. Medieval authors "expressed contrasting views on whether sex should be judged according to genital anatomy, overall "complexion," sexual function, disposition, or an individual's own choice." [57] The Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that true nonbinary sex was impossible and despite outward appearance of genitalia, an individual had to be fundamentally either male or female. Other authors theorized that sex differences, both in personality and physical characteristics, came from "the shape of the uterus, which was thought to have multiple chambers...the middle of which produced an offspring with features of both sexes."[57]

The expanding field of medieval surgery standardized the practice of eliminating gray areas by operating on intersex bodies, determining "whether or not the patient was masculine enough to achieve male status or too feminine to qualify".[58] Whichever sex the individual was deemed closer to would then determine the procedure of surgically altering the genitals to appear more masculine or feminine. This would then indicate the role the individual would fulfill in society, either as a woman in the domestic sphere or a man capable of performing as a dominant figure in society.

Early modern

In the early modern period, authors began to develop a greater interest in issues of sex, and "not only devoted intense attention to hermaphroditism but also associated it to a far greater extent with the sexually, theologically, and morally charged issues of sodomy, transvestism, and sexual transformation."[59] In this system, any deviation from traditional gender was seen as a sexual crime and punished severely, as demonstrated in the case of Eleno/Elena de Céspedes, who was born a woman in 1545 and later convicted of sodomy and contempt of the church for marrying a woman, despite his insistence he was a hermaphrodite who had developed male genitalia and therefore it was only right for him to marry a woman and not a man.[60] The tendency towards simplifying the issue was still common, and the 17th-century English jurist and judge Edward Coke (Lord Coke), wrote in his Institutes of the Lawes of England on laws of succession stating, "Every heire is either a male, a female, or an hermaphrodite, that is both male and female. And an hermaphrodite (which is also called Androgynus) shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile."

Victorian

During the Victorian era, medical authors attempted to ascertain whether or not humans could be hermaphrodites, adopting a precise biological definition to the term.[61] From that period until the early 21st century, individuals with ovotesticular syndrome were termed true hermaphrodites if their gonadal tissue contained both testicular and ovarian tissue, and pseudohermaphrodites if their external appearance (phenotype) differed from sex expected from internal gonads. This language has fallen out of favor due to misconceptions and stigma associated with the terms,[62][63][14][16] and a shift to nomenclature based on genetics.

Modern

The term "intersex" described a wide variety of combinations of what are ambiguous biological characteristics. Intersex biology may include, for example, ambiguous-looking external genitalia, karyotypes that include mixed XX and XY chromosome pairs (46XX/46XY, 46XX/47XXY or 45X/XY mosaic). Clinically, medicine currently uses the terminology "disorders of sex development" [64] (also known as variations in sex characteristics.)[65] This is particularly significant because of the relationship between medical terminology and medical intervention.[66]

Intersex civil society organizations, and many human rights institutions,[67][68] have criticized medical interventions designed to make bodies more typically male or female.

In some cases, variations in sex characteristics are caused by unusual levels of sex hormones, which may be the result of an atypical set of sex chromosomes.[medical citation needed] One common cause of variations in sex characteristics traits is the crossing over of the testis-determining factor (SRY) from the Y chromosome to the X chromosome during meiosis. The SRY is then activated in only certain areas, causing development of testes in some areas by beginning a series of events starting with the upregulation of the transcription factor (SOX9), and in other areas not being active (causing the growth of ovarian tissues). Thus, testicular and ovarian tissues will both be present in the same individual.[69] Of all total recorded cases of ovotesticular DSD, in only 8% percent of all cases was SRY present, leaving the rest of cases that could be explained to other or less common causes, with the vast majority simply being currently unexplainable.

Fetuses were previously thought to be phenotypically female before the sexual differentiation stage;[70] however, this is now known to be incorrect, as humans are simply undifferentiated before this stage and possess a paramesonephric duct, a mesonephric duct, and a genital tubercle.[71][72]

Evolution

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Script error: No such module "For".The evolution of anisogamy may have contributed to the evolution of simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism,[73] it remains unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or gonochorism.[74]Template:Rp

A 2023 study argued that hermaphroditism can evolve directly from mating types under certain circumstances, such as if the fertilization is well organized and the average size of groups is small.[75] Simultaneous hermaphroditism that exclusively reproduces through self-fertilization has evolved many times in plants and animals, but it might not last long evolutionarily.[76]Template:Rp

In animals

Joan Roughgarden and Priya Iyer argued that the last common ancestor for animals was hermaphroditic and that transitions from hermaphroditism to gonochorism were more numerous than the reverse. Other scientists have criticized this argument; saying it is based on paraphyletic Spiralia, assignments of sexual modes for the phylum level than the species level, and methods exclusively based on maximum parsimony.[77]

Hermaphroditism is polyphyletic in invertebrates where it evolved from gonochorism[1]Template:Rp and gonochorism is also ancestral to hermaphroditic fishes.[78] According to Nelson Çabej simultaneous hermaphroditism in animals most likely evolved due to a limited number of mating partners.[79]

In plants

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". It is widely accepted that the first vascular plants were outcrossing hermaphrodites.[80] In flowering plants, hermaphroditism is ancestral to dioecy.[81]

Hermaphroditism in plants may promote self fertilization in pioneer populations.[82] However, plants have evolved multiple different mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization in hermaphrodites, including sequential hermaphroditism, molecular recognition systems and mechanical or morphological mechanisms such as heterostyly.[83]Template:Rp

Self-incompatibility occurs as a variety of mechanisms that many plants use in order to lower the prevalence self pollination or self fertilization. These mechanisms likely evolved in order to decrease incest and the accumulation of deleterious alleles (inbreeding depression). Polyploidy and the Alternation of generations is another mechanism of plant reproduction that acts as a screen for filtering out deadly mutations. There is a biological trade off to being more or less self incompatible. In some instances it is more advantageous to be self-incompatible to ensure genetic diversity of the offspring however being self-compatible to some extent can ensure reproduction. Below are known and supported mechanisms of Self-incompatibality: [84][85][86][87][88][89]

  • Gametophytic - The pollen detects the genotype of the diploid plant and is broken down with S-RNase if self pollinating [90][91][92]
  • Sporophytic - The stigma surface detects the genotype of the pollen, rejection self pollination.[93]
  • Heteromorphic - Mating only occurs between plants with different flower morphs.[94]
  • Late Acting - Self-incompatibility occurs after the pollen tube has formed and potentially in the ovule or post fertilization.[95]
  • Cryptic - Self-compatibility is present but may be slower to fertilize or result In fewer seeds than outcrossing.[96]

See also

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Avise JC (2011-03-18). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holub AM, Shackelford TK (2020). "Gonochorism". In Vonk J, Shackelford TK (eds.). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (PDF). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_305-1. ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6. S2CID 240938739.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sage Journals: Discover world-class research". Sage Journals. doi:10.3233/JBR-211530. hdl:11390/1228645. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Renner SS (2014). "The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1588–1596. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400196. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 25326608.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jarne P, Auld JR (September 2006). "Animals mix it up too: the distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 60 (9): 1816–24. Bibcode:2006Evolu..60.1816J. doi:10.1554/06-246.1. PMID 17089966. S2CID 23849389.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Royer M (1975). "Hermaphroditism in Insects. Studies on Icerya purchasi". In Reinboth R (ed.). Intersexuality in the Animal Kingdom. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 135–145. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66069-6_14. ISBN 978-3-642-66071-9.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gorshkov V (2012-12-06). Physical and Biological Bases of Life Stability: Man, Biota, Environment. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-85001-1.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schärer L (February 2017). "The varied ways of being male and female". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 84 (2): 94–104. doi:10.1002/mrd.22775. PMID 28032683. Of note, the otherwise well-studied insects, birds, and mammals are strikingly absent here—with not a single species among these groups showing hermaphroditism (for details on a supposedly hermaphroditic scale insect, however, see Gardner and Ross, 2011).
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ming R, Moore PH (April 2007). "Genomics of sex chromosomes". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 10 (2): 123–130. Bibcode:2007COPB...10..123M. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.01.013. PMID 17300986. Retrieved February 9, 2026.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Albert B, Morand-Prieur MÉ, Brachet S, Gouyon PH, Frascaria-Lacoste N, Raquin C (2013-10-01). "Sex expression and reproductive biology in a tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L". Comptes Rendus. Biologies. 336 (10): 479–485. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.004. ISSN 1768-3238. PMID 24246889.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kanzaki N, Kiontke K, Tanaka R, Hirooka Y, Schwarz A, Müller-Reichert T, et al. (2017-09-11). "Description of two three-gendered nematode species in the new genus Auanema (Rhabditina) that are models for reproductive mode evolution". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11135. Bibcode:2017NatSR...711135K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09871-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5593846. PMID 28894108.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Torices R, Méndez M, Gómez JM (2017). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 21219336.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Herndon A. "Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?". Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved 2024-01-20. The mythological term "hermaphrodite" implies that a person is both fully male and fully female. This is a physiologic impossibility. The words "hermaphrodite" and "pseudo-hermaphrodite" are stigmatizing and misleading words.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rosenfield KA (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mills A (2018-01-01). Biology of Sex. University of Toronto Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4875-9337-7. In the past, the term hermaphrodite was widely applied in such cases, but humans are not hermaphroditic. In a truly hermaphroditic species, individuals have functional sets of male and female organs.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of hermaphroditus". Numen: The Latin Lexicon. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  18. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book IV: The story of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chapters 1–7". The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus. Vol. IV. p. 361 – via penelope.uchicago.edu.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hermaphrodite". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  21. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barrows EM (2001). Animal behavior desk reference: a dictionary of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-8493-2005-7. OCLC 299866547.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pandian TJ (2 September 2011). Sex Determination in Fish. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-7919-1. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Warner RR (June 1988). "Sex change and the size-advantage model". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 133–6. Bibcode:1988TEcoE...3..133W. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90176-0. PMID 21227182.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ghiselin MT (June 1969). "The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 44 (2): 189–208. doi:10.1086/406066. PMID 4901396. S2CID 38139187.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bagemihl B (1999). Biological exuberance: animal homosexuality and natural diversity (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25377-6.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rodgers EW, Early RL, Grober MA (2007). "Social status determines sexual phenotype in the bi-directional sex changing bluebanded goby Lythrypnus dalli". J Fish Biol. 70 (6): 1660–1668. Bibcode:2007JFBio..70.1660R. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01427.x.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Janssen R, Baur B (July 2015). "Seasonal effects on egg production and level of paternity in a natural population of a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (14): 2916–28. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.2916J. doi:10.1002/ece3.1560. PMC 4541995. PMID 26306176.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leonard JL, Pearse JS, Harper AB (2002). "Comparative reproductive biology of Ariolimax californicus and A. dolichophallus (Gastropoda; Stylommiatophora)". Invertebrate Reproduction & Development. 41 (1–3): 83–93. Bibcode:2002InvRD..41...83L. doi:10.1080/07924259.2002.9652738. S2CID 83829239.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morelle R (12 February 2013). "Sea slug's 'disposable penis' surprises". BBC News.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sekizawa A, Seki S, Tokuzato M, Shiga S, Nakashima Y (April 2013). "Disposable penis and its replenishment in a simultaneous hermaphrodite". Biology Letters. 9 (2) 20121150. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.1150. PMC 3639767. PMID 23407499.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barrière A, Félix MA (July 2005). "High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations". Current Biology. 15 (13): 1176–84. arXiv:q-bio/0508003. Bibcode:2005CBio...15.1176B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.022. PMID 16005289. S2CID 2229622.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Russell PJ, Hertz PE, McMillan B (2016-01-01). "Animal Reproduction". Biology: The Dynamic Science. Cengage Learning. p. 1151. ISBN 978-1-305-85610-3.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sakakura Y, Soyano K, Noakes D, Hagiwara A (2006). "Gonadal morphology in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Ichthyological Research. 53 (4): 427–430. Bibcode:2006IchtR..53..427S. doi:10.1007/s10228-006-0362-2. hdl:10069/35713. S2CID 9474211.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kanamori A, Yamamura A, Koshiba S, Lee JS, Orlando EF, Hori H (October 2006). "Methyltestosterone efficiently induces male development in the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Genesis. 44 (10): 495–503. doi:10.1002/dvg.20240. PMID 17029221. S2CID 13639701.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Painful Realities of Hyena Sex". Live Science. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hyena Graphic". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hermaphrodite Hyenas?". Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Soni NK (2010-04-01). Fundamentals of Botany. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-07-068177-4.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sage Journals: Discover world-class research". Sage Journals. doi:10.3233/JBR-211530. hdl:11390/1228645. Retrieved 2026-04-23.
  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ávila-Hernández JG, Cárdenas-Aquino Md, Camas-Reyes A, Martínez-Antonio A (2023-10-01). "Sex determination in papaya: Current status and perspectives". Plant Science. 335 111814. Bibcode:2023PlnSc.33511814A. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111814. ISSN 0168-9452. PMID 37562730.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Molnar S (17 February 2004). "Plant Reproductive Systems". Evolution and the Origins of Life. Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glover B (February 2014). Understanding Flowers and Flowering (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-19-966159-6.
  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G (2018). "Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review" (PDF). Basic and Applied Ecology. 31: 1–9. Bibcode:2018BApEc..31....1W. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009. S2CID 90740232.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peach K, Liu JW, Klitgaard KN, Mazer SJ (February 2020). "Sex-specific floral attraction traits in a sequentially hermaphroditic species". Ecol Evol. 10 (4): 1856–1875. Bibcode:2020EcoEv..10.1856P. doi:10.1002/ece3.5987. PMC 7042773. PMID 32128121.
  45. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fusco G, Minelli A (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kouonon LC, Jacquemart AL, Bi AI, Bertin P, Baudoin JP, Dje Y (November 2009). "Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)". Annals of Botany. 104 (6): 1129–39. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp196. PMC 2766191. PMID 19671577.
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vallejo-Marín M, Rausher MD (February 2007). "The role of male flowers in andromonoecious species: energetic costs and siring success in Solanum carolinense L". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 61 (2): 404–12. Bibcode:2007Evolu..61..404V. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00031.x. PMID 17348949. S2CID 781464.
  48. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stevens D, Richards A (1985). "Gynodioecy in Saxifraga granulata L.". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 151: 43–54. doi:10.1007/BF02418018. S2CID 21632274.
  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Charles D (1877). The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shaw AJ, Goffinet B (2000). "Chapter 12: Population ecology, population genetics, and microevolution". In Shaw AJ, Goffinet B (eds.). Bryophyte biology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 369–402. ISBN 978-0-521-66794-4.
  51. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Perley DS, Jesson LK (April 6, 2015). "Hybridization is associated with changes in sexual system in the bryophyte genus Atrichum". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 555–65. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400494. PMID 25878089.
  52. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LAKAPATI: The "Transgender" Tagalog Deity? Not so fast…". THE ASWANG PROJECT. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  53. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schultheiss D, Herrmann TR, Jonas U (March 2006). "Early photo-illustration of a hermaphrodite by the French photographer and artist Nadar in 1860". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 3 (2): 355–60. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00157.x. PMID 16490032. (subscription required)
  54. ^ Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3
  55. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)". Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (Bavarian State Library). February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
  56. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.chevalier de Jaucourt L (1765). "Hermaphrodite". Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert. 8: 165–167. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  57. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DeVun L (2021). "4: Sex and Order in Natural Philosophy and Law". The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/devu19550. ISBN 978-0-231-19550-8.
  58. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DeVun L (2021). "5: The Correction of Nature: Sex and the Science of Surgery". The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/devu19550. ISBN 978-0-231-19550-8.
  59. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Daston L, Park K (1995). "The Hermaphrodite and the Orders of Nature: Sexual Ambiguity in Early Modern France". A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 1 (4).
  60. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Burshatin I (1999). Blackmore J, Hutcheson G (eds.). Queer Iberia: Sexualities, Cultures, and Crossings from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Duke University Press.
  61. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reis E (2009). Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55–81. ISBN 978-0-8018-9155-7.
  62. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J (August 2005). "Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (8): 729–733. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729. PMID 16200837. S2CID 39459050. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  63. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vilain E, Achermann JC, Eugster EA, Harley VR, Morel Y, Wilson JD, et al. (February 2007). "We used to call them hermaphrodites". Genetics in Medicine. 9 (2): 65–66. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e31802cffcf. PMID 17304046. use of the words "hermaphrodite," "pseudohermaphrodite," and "intersex" should be abandoned, as they either are confusing or have a negative social connotation that may be perceived as harmful by some patients and parents.
  64. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Georgiann D (2011). ""DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology". In McGann PJ, Hutson DJ (eds.). Sociology of Diagnosis. Advances in Medical Sociology. Vol. 12. pp. 155–182. doi:10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012. ISBN 978-0-85724-575-5.
  65. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Information about the standard for gender, sex, and variations of sex characteristics | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
  66. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia, Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand, Organisation Intersex International Australia, Black E, Bond K, Briffa T, et al. (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 2017-03-22, retrieved March 21, 2017
  67. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.UN Committee against Torture, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities, UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Méndez J, Pῡras D, et al. (October 24, 2016), "Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge", Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived from the original on November 21, 2016
  68. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 2016-01-06, retrieved 2018-06-10
  69. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Margarit E, Coll MD, Oliva R, Gómez D, Soler A, Ballesta F (January 2000). "SRY gene transferred to the long arm of the X chromosome in a Y-positive XX true hermaphrodite". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 90 (1): 25–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000103)90:1<25::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 10602113.
  70. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leyner M, Goldberg B (2005). Why Do Men Have Nipples?: Hundreds of Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Martini. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-8231-5. OCLC 57722472.
  71. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rey R, Josso N, Racine C (2020-05-27) [first published 2000]. "Sexual Differentiation". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al. (eds.). Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth, Mass.: MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905232. Retrieved 28 Mar 2023 – via National Institutes of Health.
  72. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hughes IA (August 2001). "Minireview: sex differentiation". Endocrinology. 142 (8): 3281–3287. doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8406. PMID 11459768.
  73. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schärer L (February 2017). "The varied ways of being male and female". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 84 (2): 94–104. doi:10.1002/mrd.22775. PMID 28032683.
  74. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kliman R (2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 212–224. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  75. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henshaw JM, Bittlingmaier M, Schärer L (May 2023). "Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 378 (1876) 20220283. doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0283. PMC 10024982. PMID 36934747.
  76. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leonard JL (2019-05-21). Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-94139-4.
  77. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasson DA, Ryan JF (December 2017). "A reconstruction of sexual modes throughout animal evolution". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1) 242. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..242S. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1071-3. PMC 5717846. PMID 29207942.
  78. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Erisman BE, Petersen CW, Hastings PA, Warner RR (October 2013). "Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of functional hermaphroditism in teleost fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53 (4): 736–54. doi:10.1093/icb/ict077. PMID 23817661.
  79. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cabej NR (2013-04-01). Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals. Newnes. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-12-401729-0.
  80. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Orton TJ (2019-11-21). Horticultural Plant Breeding. Academic Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-12-815570-7.
  81. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Núñez-Farfán J, Valverde PL (2020-07-30). Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction. Springer Nature. p. 177. ISBN 978-3-030-46012-9.
  82. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Burns KC (2019-05-16). Evolution in Isolation: The Search for an Island Syndrome in Plants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-108-42201-7.
  83. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, US: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
  84. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Charlesworth D, Vekemans X, Castric V, Glémin S (2005). "Plant self-incompatibility systems: a molecular evolutionary perspective". New Phytologist. 168 (1): 61–69. Bibcode:2005NewPh.168...61C. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01443.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 16159321.
  85. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Franklin-Tong VE, Franklin FC (2003-06-29). Dickinson HG, Hiscock SJ, Crane PR (eds.). "The different mechanisms of gametophytic self–incompatibility". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 358 (1434): 1025–1032. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1287. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693207. PMID 12831468.
  86. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ushijima K, Yamane H, Watari A, Kakehi E, Ikeda K, Hauck NR, et al. (2004). "The S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene, SFB , is defective in self-compatible haplotypes of Prunus avium and P. mume". The Plant Journal. 39 (4): 573–586. Bibcode:2004PlJ....39..573U. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02154.x. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 15272875.
  87. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.van Oosterhout C (August 2020). "Mutation load is the spectre of species conservation". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (8): 1004–1006. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4.1004V. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1204-8. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32367032.
  88. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang Y, Shen Q, Leng L, Zhang D, Chen S, Shi Y, et al. (2021-09-17). "Incipient diploidization of the medicinal plant Perilla within 10,000 years". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5508. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5508Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25681-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8448860. PMID 34535649.
  89. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Michod RE, Gayley TW (1991). "Masking of Mutations and the Evolution of Sex". The American Naturalist. 139 (4): 706–734. doi:10.1086/285354. ISSN 0003-0147.
  90. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, Cruz-García F, McClure B, Romero C (2020-03-19). "Self-(In)compatibility Systems: Target Traits for Crop-Production, Plant Breeding, and Biotechnology". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11 195. Bibcode:2020FrPS...11..195M. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00195. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 7098457. PMID 32265945.
  91. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xue Y, Carpenter R, Dickinson HG, Coen ES (1996). "Origin of allelic diversity in antirrhinum S locus RNases". The Plant Cell. 8 (5): 805–814. doi:10.1105/tpc.8.5.805. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 161139. PMID 8672882.
  92. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McClure BA, Haring V, Ebert PR, Anderson MA, Simpson RJ, Sakiyama F, et al. (1989). "Style self-incompatibility gene products of Nicotlana alata are ribonucleases". Nature. 342 (6252): 955–957. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..955M. doi:10.1038/342955a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 2594090.
  93. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Murase K, Moriwaki Y, Mori T, Liu X, Masaka C, Takada Y, et al. (2020-10-01). "Mechanism of self/nonself-discrimination in Brassica self-incompatibility". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4916. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4916M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18698-w. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7530648. PMID 33004803.
  94. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang D, Li YY, Zhao X, Zhang C, Liu DK, Lan S, et al. (February 2024). "Molecular insights into self-incompatibility systems: From evolution to breeding". Plant Communications. 5 (2) 100719. Bibcode:2024PlCom...500719Z. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100719. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 10873884. PMID 37718509.
  95. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhao YX, Zhao Z, Chen CS, Yu Y, Jeyaraj A, Zhuang J, et al. (2022-02-05). "Characterization of self-incompatibility and expression profiles of CsMCU2 related to pollination in different varieties of tea plants". Scientia Horticulturae. 293 110693. Bibcode:2022ScHor.29310693Z. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110693. ISSN 0304-4238.
  96. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meyer EM, Galloway LF, Eckert AJ (2025-09-02). "The evolutionary dynamics of plant mating systems: how bias for studying 'interesting' plant reproductive systems could backfire". Annals of Botany. 136 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf031. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 12401890. PMID 40059788.

Further reading

Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Look up hermaphrodite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link"..

Template:Sex (biology) Template:Human sexuality and sexology Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&oldid=6052667"