Hlai languages

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Hlai
Li
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  Ha dialect
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  Qi dialect
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  Run dialect
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  Meifu dialect)
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  Jiamao language
Native toChina
RegionHainan
EthnicityHlai
Native speakers
(667,000 cited 1999)[1]
Kra–Dai
Early form
Proto-Hlai (reconstructed)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
lic – Hlai
cuq – Cun
Glottolognucl1241
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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The Hlai languages (Chinese: 黎语; pinyin: Líyǔ) are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China by the Hlai people, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese (Chinese: 黎话; pinyin: Líhuà). They include Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct.[2] A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha.

Classification

Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows.[3] There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers.

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  • Proto-Hlai
    • Bouhin (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 73,000
    • Greater Hlai
      • Ha Em 哈炎 (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 193,000
      • Central Hlai
        • East Central Hlai – 344,000
          • Lauhut (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
          • Qi 杞 (also known as Gei) – 178,000
            • Tongzha (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 125,000
            • Zandui (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 29,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 24,000
        • North Central Hlai – 136,500
          • Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
            • Cun 村语 (Ngan Fon, Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 60,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 2,500
          • Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Moifau) – 30,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
              • Moyfaw (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".)
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Zwn; also known as Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 44,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 36,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 8,000

Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (in Script error: No such module "lang". Town Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (in Script error: No such module "lang". Town Script error: No such module "Lang".), in Dongfang, Hainan. Speakers refer to themselves as Script error: No such module "Lang". and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.[4]

Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.[3]

Reconstruction

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The Proto-Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

Phonology

The following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects:[5][6][7]

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain lab. plain lab. pal.
Plosive voiceless p t ȶ k kʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰʷ
voiced ɡ ɡʷ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
aspirated t͡sʰ
Fricative voiceless f s x h hʷ hʲ
voiced v z ɣ
lateral ɬ
Nasal m (ɱ) n ȵ ŋ ŋʷ
Trill r
Approximant l ˀj ˀw
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be realized as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • [x], [ɣ] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can also occur as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., among other various dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can have allophones as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". after Script error: No such module "IPA". became Script error: No such module "IPA". which soon merged with Script error: No such module "IPA"..[8]

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɯ u
Mid e ə o
ɛ ɔ
Low a
  • Among other Hlai dialects, Script error: No such module "IPA". can have allophones of Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Vowel sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs among some dialects.

History

Liang & Zhang (1996:18–21)[9] conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula, and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan Island about 4,000 years before present.[9]

According to Ostapirat (2026), Hlai originated much further to the southwest from north-central Vietnam. The ancestors of present-day Hlai speakers migrated directly to southern Hainan but not northern Hainan, since they followed a migration route that skipped the Leizhou Peninsula.[10]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Hlai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Cun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the Kra languages.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (Ph.D. thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fu, Changzhong 符昌忠 (2020). Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. OCLC 1294545717.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ostapirat, Weera (2008). "The Hlai Language". In Diller, Anthony V. N.; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai-Kadai Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 623–652.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yuan, Zhongshu 苑中树, ed. (1994). Líyǔ yǔfǎ gāngyào 黎语语法纲要 [An Outline of Li Grammar] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. pp. 1–10.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚 (1980). Líyǔ jiǎnzhì 黎语简志 [Description of the Li language] (in 中文). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  8. ^ Norquest (2007), p. 106
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liang, Min 梁敏; Zhang, Junru 张均如 (1996). Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn 侗台语族概论 [An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages] (in 中文). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 9787500416814.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ostapirat, Weera (2026). "Kra-Dai Migration and Austro-Tai Numerals". In Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Okamoto, Susumu; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (eds.). Establishing Spatiotemporal Linguistics: Toward an Interdisciplinary Approach to the History of Language and of Human Movement. Brill. p. 41–54. doi:10.1163/9789004762077-004. ISBN 978-90-04-76207-7.

References

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Further reading

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Hlai test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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