Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

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Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
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Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray.
Membership44 groups[1]
Leaders
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Establishment11 February 1991
Website
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The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalized nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991[3][4] at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognized or occupied territories.

UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Since its foundation in 1991, UNPO’s membership has grown steadily from its original founders, now representing more than 45 peoples worldwide, comprising over 300 million people lacking true representation in domestic or international forums. Over the years, many members have achieved their movement’s goals and gained formal recognition at the national or international level, leading them to leave the organization as their peoples are no longer considered “unrepresented.” Former members who have left the organization after gaining full independence and joining the United Nations (UN) include Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, and Palau.[5][6]

Throughout 2024, UNPO conducted several training sessions aimed at helping its members and activists. Sessions included in-person training for Asia Pacific members in Geneva, online cybersecurity training, a cybersecurity training in person for the Baloch community in Stockholm, an in-person training in Brussels on the principles and practical applications of non-violent resistance and a youth study session supported by the Council of Europe, emphasizing the importance of acquiring and improving necessary skills for advocacy within marginalized communities.[7]

History

The UNPO was conceived of by leaders of self-determination movements such as Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with Michael van Walt van Praag [nl], along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua.[8] A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the powerful message of nonviolence and interethnic tolerance in the face of oppression exhibited by the Tibetan people and championed by the 14th Dalai Lama and to provide a forum in which others are encouraged and supported to adopt similar approaches.[9][10]

UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals, and project-based grants from foundations.[citation needed]

Aims

UNPO’s aim is to uphold the fundamental right to autonomy and self-determination for all peoples, striving for a world where every nation and people is heard, valued, and respected. It envisions a future where fundamental rights, including the freedom to determine political status and pursue economic, social, and cultural development, are guaranteed for all.

To achieve this, UNPO fosters solidarity and knowledge exchange among unrepresented peoples through a unique global platform. By strengthening cross-regional projects and engaging in dialogue with the international community, UNPO contributes to building a peaceful, democratic, equitable, and sustainable world. The platform ensures that the voices of unrepresented peoples are not only heard but valued in global forums, empowering nations and peoples to fully realize their potential within a just and inclusive society.

UNPO’s work emphasizes the necessity of non-violent resistance against oppression, while also focusing on the inclusion of underrepresented groups, particularly youth and women, in decision-making processes. By strengthening democratic values, spreading the principles of Gandhian non-violence, and advocating for human rights, the organization empowers members to preserve their cultural identities and contribute to global discussions on pressing environmental and geopolitical challenges. Through strategic partnerships with like-minded organizations, academia, and international actors, UNPO raises awareness of human rights abuses and supports members in having their voices heard on the world stage.[9]

Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.[9]

UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:

1) The equal right to self-determination: Self-determination is a fundamental human right, allowing peoples to shape their own political, cultural, and social future, ensuring that all voices are heard in decision-making processes.

2) Adherence to the internationally accepted human rights standards as laid down in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and other international instruments: Human rights are universal norms designed to protect all people from political, legal, and social abuses, regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or legal status.

3) Adherence to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejection of totalitarianism and religious intolerance: Democratic pluralism is an inclusive, participatory system where governance is accountable, transparent, and responsive to the people. It embraces diversity, celebrates different cultures, and promotes political inclusion through knowledge, freedom of thought, and openness to differing viewpoints.

4) Promotion of non-violence and the rejection of terrorism as an instrument of policy: Non-violence is the rejection of violent actions to achieve political goals. UNPO encourages members to adopt peaceful resistance and promote inter-ethnic tolerance in response to oppression.

5) Protection of the natural environment: Environmental protection is about preserving habitats and resources that protect cultures. Indigenous and local communities, as guardians of traditional ecological knowledge, are best positioned to safeguard their environment and way of life.

All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant.[11] UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.[12]

Members

The following are listed as 44 members by the UNPO.[13]

Original members are listed with pink background and in bold. Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least one UN member or by other countries recognised by at least one UN member are marked by asterisk (*).

Member Date joined Represented by Ref
File:Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg Aceh Template:Dts Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front [14]
File:Bandera Annobon.png Annobón Template:Dts Ambô Legadu [15]
Template:Flagdeco Afrikaners Template:Dts Freedom Front Plus [16]
File:Flag of Arabistan.svg Ahwazi Template:Dts Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz [17]
File:Flag of the Assyrians (no Assur).svg Assyrians Template:Dts Assyrian Universal Alliance [18]
File:Flag of the Baloch People.svg Balochistan Template:Dts Balochistan National Party (Mengal) [19]
Template:Flagicon Barotseland Template:Dts Barotse National Freedom Alliance [20]
File:Bandera poble Batwa.svg Batwa Template:Dts African Initiative for Mankind Progress Organization [21]
Bellah Template:Dts Malian Association for the Preservation of Bellah Culture [22]
Template:Flagicon Brittany Template:Dts Kelc’h An Dael [br] [23]
Template:Flagicon Catalans Template:Dts Assemblea Nacional Catalana [24]
File:Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg Chittagong Hill Tracts Template:Dts Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti [25]
File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg Crimean Tatars Template:Dts Milli Mejlis [26]
Template:Flagdeco District of Columbia (Washington, DC) Template:Dts D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation [27]
Template:Flagicon East Turkestan Template:Dts World Uyghur Congress [28]
File:Flag of Balawaristan.svg Gilgit Baltistan Template:Dts Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance [29]
Template:Flagicon Guam Template:Dts Government of Guam [30][31]
File:Flagge Haratin FALM.PNG Haratin Template:Dts Initiative de Résurgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste en Mauritanie [32]
File:Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg Hmong Template:Dts Congress of World Hmong People [33]
File:Flag of Ijaw.svg Ijaw Template:Dts Ijaw National Congress [34]
File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg Iranian Kurds Template:Dts Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [35]
File:Berber flag.svg Kabylia Template:Dts MAK-Anavad [36]
File:Flag of KKF.svg Khmer Krom Template:Dts Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation [37]
File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Nagalim Template:Dts National Socialist Council of Nagalim [38]
File:Flag of the union of the Niger delta Republic.jpg Niger Delta Template:Dts Niger Delta Peoples Movement [39]
Template:Flagicon Ogaden Template:Dts Ogaden National Liberation Front [40]
Template:Flagicon Ogoni Template:Dts Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People [41]
File:Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg Oromo Template:Dts Oromo Liberation Front [42]
File:Flag of Sindhudesh.svg Sindhis Template:Dts World Sindhi Congress [43]
Template:Flagicon Somaliland* Template:Dts Government of Somaliland [44]
Template:Flagicon South Moluccas Template:Dts Republic of South Moluccas [45]
File:Flag of South Azerbaijan.svg Southern Azerbaijanis Template:Dts South Azerbaijan Democratic Party [46]
File:Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg Southern Mongolians Template:Dts Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center [47]
Template:Flagicon Taiwan* Template:Dts Taiwan Foundation for Democracy [48]
Template:Flagicon Tibet Template:Dts Central Tibetan Administration [49]
File:Balochistan Flag.svg West Balochistan Template:Dts Balochistan People's Party [50]
File:Flag of Western Togoland.svg Western Togolanders Template:Dts Homeland Study Group Foundation [51]
Template:Flagicon West Papuans Template:Dts West Papua Human Rights Center [8][52]
File:Flag of Zambesia.jpg Zambesia Template:Dts Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia [30][31]

Former members

Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.

The following lists former and suspended members.[13]

Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by yellow background.

Former member Date joined Date withdrew Note Ref
Template:Flagdeco Abkhazians* Template:Dts 2020 Represented by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia [53]
File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Aboriginals of Australia Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights [54]
File:Flag of Albanians in North Macedonia.svg Albanians in North Macedonia Template:Dts Template:Dts Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001 [55]
File:Berber flag.svg Amazigh Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by World Amazigh Congress [56]
File:Flag of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg Ambazonia Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018). [57]
Script error: No such module "flag". Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 1992 [58]
Template:Flagicon Bashkortostan Template:Dts Template:Dts [59]
File:Flag of Bougainville.svg Bougainville Template:Dts Template:Dts Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021 in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027. [60]
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Burma Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011. [61]
Template:Flagicon Buryatia Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture [62]
File:Flag of Cabinda (FLEC propose).svg Cabinda Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda [63]
File:Flag of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (with COA).svg Chechen Republic of Ichkeria* Template:Dts Template:Dts Government-in-exile in London. [64]
File:Chin National Flag.png Chin Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Chin National Front [65]
Template:Flagicon Chuvash Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by the Chuvash National Congress [66]
Template:Flagicon Circassia Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.International Circassian Association [67]
File:Pi cpdf.GIF Cordillera Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance [68]
Degar-Montagnards Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc. [69]
Template:Country data East Timor Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 2002 [70]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 1991 [71]
File:Flag of Gagauzia.svg Gagauzia Template:Dts Template:Dts Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994 [72]
Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 1992 [73]
File:Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.svg Republic of Northern Epirus Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Omonoia [74]
Template:Flagicon Hungarian minority in Romania Template:Dts Template:Dts Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania [75]
Template:Flagicon Ingushetia Template:Dts Template:Dts [76]
File:Inkerin lippu.svg Inkeri Template:Dts Template:Dts [77]
Template:Flagicon Iraqi Kurdistan Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan [78]
File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg Iraqi Turkmen Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens [79]
File:Ka Lahui Hawai Flag.svg Kalahui Hawaii Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii [80]
File:Flag of the Karenni people.png Karenni State Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party[failed verification] [81]
File:Flag-of-Khalistan.svg Khalistan Template:Dts[82] Template:Dts Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.[83] [84]
Template:Flagicon Komi Template:Dts Template:Dts [85]
Template:FlagiconTemplate:FlagiconFile:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo* Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo [86]
File:Flag of the Kumukh people 1.svg Kumyk Template:Dts Template:Dts [87]
File:Pine Ridge Flag Oglala Lakota Nation.gif Lakota Nation Template:Dts Template:Dts Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah [88]
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project) 2016 ? [13]
Script error: No such module "flag". Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 1991 [89]
File:Lezgian flag.svg Lezghin Template:Dts Template:Dts Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy [90]
Template:Flagicon Maasai Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development [91]
File:Personal Standard of Pomare IV.svg Maohi Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Hiti Tau [92]
File:Flagge fan Madesj.png Madhesh Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh [93]
File:Flag of the Mapuches (1992).svg Mapuche Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mapuche Inter-Regional Council [94]
File:Flag of Mari UNPO.gif Mari Template:Dts Template:Dts [95]
File:New Mon State Party flag.svg Mon Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Mon Unity League [96]
File:Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.svg Moro Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014 [97]
Nahua Del Alto Balsas Template:Dts Template:Dts [98]
Nuxalk Nation Template:Dts Template:Dts [99]
Script error: No such module "flag". (Belau) Template:Dts Template:Dts Became member of the UN in 1994 [100]
File:Flag of Transcarpathian Oblast (unofficial).svg Rusyn Template:Dts Template:Dts [101]
Template:Flagicon Sakha Template:Dts Template:Dts [102]
Template:Flagicon Sanjak Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak [103]
Template:Flagicon Savoy Template:Dts Template:Dts [104]
Template:Flagicon Scania (Skåneland) Template:Dts Template:Dts Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.[105] [106]
File:Rehobothflag.svg Rehoboth Basters Template:Dts Template:Dts[107] Represented by Captains Council
File:Flag of the Shan State.svg Shan Template:Dts Template:Dts [108]
File:Flagge fan Súd-Araabje.png South Arabia Template:Dts Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People [109]
File:War Flag of Sulu Sultanate.svg Sulu Template:Dts Template:Dts Sulu Foundation of Nine Ethnic Tribes [110]
File:Flag of Talysh.svg Talysh Template:Dts National Talysh Movement [111]
Template:Flagicon Tatarstan Template:Dts Template:Dts [112]
File:Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste) Template:Dts Represented by TRIEST NGO [113]
Tsimshian Template:Dts Template:Dts [114]
Template:Flagicon Tuva Template:Dts Template:Dts [115]
Template:Flagicon Udmurt Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Udmurt Council [116]
File:Flagge Venda Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front.png Vhavenda Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front [117]
Template:Flagicon Zanzibar Template:Dts Template:Dts Represented by Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, in cooperation with the Civic United Front [118]

Suspensions

UNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.[119]

In 24 January 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended a few months after its admission. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995, as there was no mechanism to expel Khalistan or force it to withdraw.[120][121]

Scania was also suspended on 18 September 2011.[122]

Timeline

Here is a timeline on events throughout the UNPO:

1991

February 11 - The UNPO was founded.

Leadership

Secretaries-general

According to World Statesmen.org:[123]

Name Term
Template:Flagicon Michael van Walt van Praag [nl] (Netherlands) 1991–1998
Template:Flagicon Tsering Jampa [fr] (Tibet) 1997–1998
File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals) 1998–1999
Template:Flagicon Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs) 1999–2003
Template:Flagicon Marino Busdachin (Italy) 2003–2018
Template:Flagicon Ralph J. Bunche III (USA) 2018–2023
Template:Flagicon Mercè Monje Cano (Spain) 2023–current

Chairmen/Presidents of the General Assembly

According to World Statesmen.org:[123]

  • Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
  • Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
  • Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
  • John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
  • Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
  • Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
  • Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
  • Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
  • Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) 2022–2024
  • Rubina Greenwood - (Sindh) 2024–current

Executive Directors

According to World Statesmen.org:[123]

  • Karl von Habsburg – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
  • Mercè Monje Cano – (Catalonia) 1 October 2021 – 21 April 2023 (concurrently acting General Secretary from January to 21 April 2023)

See also

References

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