Ocimum tenuiflorum

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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms[1]

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Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly known as tulasi, tulsi, or holy basil, is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae.[2][3] It is widely cultivated throughout the Southeast Asian tropics.[1][4][5] It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia and the western Pacific.[1] This plant has escaped from cultivation and has naturalized in many tropical regions of the Americas.[3][6] It is an agricultural and environmental weed.[3]

Tulasi is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes, and also for its essential oil. It is widely used as an herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda. It has a place within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship involving the plant or its leaves.

Morphology

Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled, with an ovate blade up to 5 cm (2 in) long, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes.[7]

The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green-leaved (Krishna or Shyama tulsi) and the common wild vana tulsi (e.g., Ocimum gratissimum).[8]

Phytochemicals

The plant and its oil contain diverse phytochemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, eugenol, caryophyllenes, carvacrol, linalool, camphor, and cinnamyl acetate, among others.[9][10] One study reported that the plant contains an eponymous family of 10 neolignan compounds called tulsinol A-J.[11]

Specific aroma compounds in the essential oil are camphor (32%), eucalyptol (19%), ⍺-bisabolene (17%), eugenol (14%), germacrene (11%) and β-bisabolene (11%).[12][better source needed] In addition, more than 60 different aroma compounds were found through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of holy basil.[12] However, other studies have stated tulsi essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (70%) β-elemene (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and germacrene (2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes.[13]

Uses

Culinary

Thai cuisine

The leaves of holy basil, known as kaphrao in the Thai language (Script error: No such module "Lang".), are commonly used in Thai cuisine for certain stir-fries and curries such as phat kaphrao (Script error: No such module "Lang".) — a stir-fry of Thai holy basil with meats, seafood or, as in khao phat kraphao, with rice. Two different types of holy basil are used in Thailand, a "red" variant which tends to be more pungent, and a "white" version for seafood dishes.[14][15] Kaphrao should not be confused with horapha (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which is normally known as Thai basil,[16] or with Thai lemon basil (maenglak; Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Minangkabau cuisine

Holy basil (in Minangkabau language and Indonesian language are known as ruku-ruku [id]) is also widely used for Minangkabau dishes, particularly for its gulai variety, which involves fish as the primary source of protein.[17] These Minangkabau fish gulais that commonly use holy basil such as gulai ikan mas (carp gulai), gulai ikan kakap (red snapper gulai), gulai kepala ikan kakap (red snapper's head gulai), samba ikan gadang or pangek (braised fish gulai),[18] and gulai telur ikan (fish roe gulai). Holy basil leaves are used to enhance flavour.

Insect repellent

For centuries, the dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.[19]

Nematicidal

The essential oil may have nematicidal properties against Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Meloidogyne javanica, Anguina tritici, and Heterodera cajani.[20]

In Hinduism

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Tulasi may be planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or temples to Hanuman.[21] The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during Kartik includes the worship of the tulsi plant.[22][23] Vaishnavites are also known as "those who bear the tulsi around the neck".[21]

Tulasi Vivaha is a ceremonial festival performed between Prabodhini Ekadashi (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartika) and Kartik Purnima (the full moon of the month).[24][25] During the Kati Bihu festival celebrated in Assam, people light earthen lamps (diya) at the foot of the household tulsi plants.[26]

Tulasi has been used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices for its supposed medicinal properties.[27][28]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ocimum tenuiflorum L." Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. 2023. Archived from the original on December 13, 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  2. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil)". CABI Invasive Species Compendium. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Staples, George; Michael S. Kristiansen (1999). Ethnic Culinary Herbs. University of Hawaii Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8248-2094-7.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Warrier, P K (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Orient Longman. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-86311-551-6.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ocimum tenuiflorum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Warrier, P K (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Orient Longman. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-86311-551-6.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kothari, S. K.; Bhattacharya, A. K.; Ramesh, S.; Garg, S. N.; Khanuja, S. P. S. (November–December 2005). "Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South India". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 17 (6): 656–658. doi:10.1080/10412905.2005.9699025. S2CID 95551382.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Holy basil". Drugs.com. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sundaram, R. Shanmuga; Ramanathan, M; Rajesh, R; Satheesh, B; Saravanan, D (2012). "LC-MS Quantification of Rosmarinic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Theocimum Sanctumlinn. Leaf Extract (Holy Basil, Tulsi)". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 35 (5): 634. doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.606583. S2CID 95225535.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Deepika; Chaudhuri, Prabir K. (2018-08-01). "A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.)". Industrial Crops and Products. 118: 367–382. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048. ISSN 0926-6690.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamani, Hanaa A.; Pang, Edwin C.; Mantri, Nitin; Deighton, Margaret A. (2016). "Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 681. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4868837. PMID 27242708.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Padalia, Rajendra C.; Verma, Ram S. (2011). "Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India". Natural Product Research. 25 (6): 569–575. doi:10.1080/14786419.2010.482936. PMID 21409717. S2CID 205836713.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thompson, David (2010). Thai food (7 ed.). London: Pavilion Books. p. 143. ISBN 9-781862-055148.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Punyaratabandhu, Leela (2017). Bangkok (1 ed.). New York: Ten Speed Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-399-57831-1.
  16. ^ Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yenti, Juni Fitra (3 June 2024). "Daun Ruku-Ruku, Bumbu Dapur yang Sering Dipakai Orang Minang". Sumbarkita.id (in Bahasa Indonesia). Sumbarkita.id. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Soepono, Sri S (2004). Ensiklopedi makanan tradisional Indonesia: Sumatera (PDF). Jakarta: Proyek Pelestarian dan Pengembangan Tradisi dan Kepercayaan. pp. 133–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2026. Retrieved February 10, 2026.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Biswas, N. P.; Biswas, A. K. (2005). "Evaluation of some leaf dusts as grain protectant against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.)". Environment and Ecology. 23 (3): 485–488.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chitwood, David J. (2002). "Phytochemical Based Strategies for Nematode Control". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40 (1). Annual Reviews: 221–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 12147760.
  21. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). Plants of life, plants of death. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40. ISBN 978-0-299-15904-7.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flood, Gavin D. (2001). The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilkins, W.J. (2003). Hindu Mythology. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. p. 471. ISBN 978-81-246-0234-8.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Underhill, M. M. (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pawar, Shubhangi; Patil, D. A. (2008). Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra. Daya Publishing House. p. 400. ISBN 978-81-7035-515-1.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kantak R. "Kati Bihu celebrated in Assam". BW Businessworld. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NIIR Board, National Institute of Industrial Research (India) (2004). Compendium of Medicinal Plants. 2004. National Institute of Industrial Research. p. 320. ISBN 978-81-86623-80-0.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lesley Braun; Marc Cohen (30 March 2015). Herbs and Natural Supplements, Volume 2: An Evidence-Based Guide. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 996. ISBN 978-0-7295-8173-8.
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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