Genipa americana

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Flower
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms
List
  • Genipa americana var. caruto K.Schum.
  • Genipa americana var. riobranquensis Kuhlm.
  • Genipa americana f. grandifolia Chodat & Hassl.
  • Genipa americana f. jorgensenii Steyerm.
  • Genipa americana f. parvifolia Chodat & Hassl.
  • Genipa barbata Presl
  • Genipa brasiliana A.Rich.
  • Genipa brasiliensis (Spreng.) Baill.
  • Genipa caruto Kunth
  • Genipa codonocalyx Standl.
  • Genipa excelsa K.Krause
  • Genipa grandifolia Pers.
  • Genipa humilis Vell.
  • Genipa oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
  • Genipa oleosa Rojas
  • Genipa pubescens DC.
  • Genipa venosa Standl.

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Genipa americana (/ˈdʒɛnɪpə/) is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean.

Description

Genipa americana trees are up to 30 m tall and up to 60 cm dbh.[2][3][4] Their bark is smooth with little fissures.[4] The leaves are opposite, obovate, or obovate oblong, 10–35 cm long, 6–13 cm wide, and glossy dark green, with entire margin, acute or acuminate apex, and attenuated base.[2][5][3] The inflorescences are cymes up to 10 cm long.[2] The flowers are white to yellowish, slightly fragrant, calyx bell-shaped, corolla at 2–4.5 cm long, trumpet-shaped, and five- or six-lobed.[2][5][3] The five short stamens are inserted on top of the corolla tube.[5] The fruit is a thick-skinned edible greyish berry 10–12 cm long, 5–9 cm in diameter.[2][5]

Distribution and habitat

Genipa americana is native to the tropical forests of the Americas, from the Caribbean south to Argentina.[2][6][7] It is present from sea level up to 1200 m of elevation,[4] although some argue the original native range as being northern South America.[8]

Vernacular names

In English, the tree is known as the genip tree /ˈdʒɛnɪp/ and the fruit as genipap /ˈdʒɛnɪpæp/.[9]

Colombia: jagua, caruto, huito;[4][6] Brazil: jenipapo, formerly genipapo;[4] Costa Rica: guaitil, tapaculo;[4] Nicaragua: tapaculo, yigualtí;[4] Mexico: shagua, xagua, maluco;[4][10] Perú: huito, vito, jagua;[6] Argentina: ñandipá;[6] Puerto Rico: jagua; Bolivia: bí[11]

Its name has been reconstructed as we'e (*weʔe) in Proto-Tucanoan.[12]

Chemical compounds

The following compounds have been isolated from G. americana: genipic acid,[10] genipinic acid,[10] genipin[13] (all three from the fruit) and geniposidic acid (leaves).[10]

Uses

The unripe fruit of G. americana yields a liquid used as a deep purple dye for tattoos, skin painting, insect repellent[7] and food.[14]

This species is also cultivated for its edible fruits, which are eaten in preserves or made into drinks, jelly, or ice cream.[7]

The wood is reported to be resistant, strong, and easily worked; it is used in the making of utensils and in construction and carpentry.[3][4]

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See also

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  2. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liogier, Alain H. (1985). Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. La Editorial, UPR. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8477-2338-6.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Francis, Macbride, J.; E., Dahlgren, B. (1936). "Flora of Peru /". Fieldiana. v.13:pt.6:no.1 [Rubiaceae]: 106.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.López, René; Montero, Martín (2005). "27 - Genipa americana". Manual de identificación de especies forestales con manejo certificable por comunidades (in español). Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas "SINCHI". ISBN 978-958-97597-4-5.
  5. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species: Examples from Latin America. FAO. 1986. pp. 141. ISBN 978-92-5-102372-3.
  6. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grandtner, M. M.; Chevrette, Julien (2013). Dictionary of Trees, Volume 2: South America: Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology. Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5.
  7. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hanelt, Peter; Research, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant (2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1775. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Duarte, Odilo; Paull, Robert (2015). Exotic Fruits and Nuts of the New World. CABI. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-1-78064-505-6.
  9. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  10. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Connolly, J.D.; Hill, R.A. (1991). Dictionary of Terpenoids. Vol. 1. CRC Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-412-25770-4.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coimbra Sanz, Germán (2014). Diccionario enciclopédico cruceño, 3rd edition. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Cruz. p. 54.
  12. ^ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217–245.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bajaj, Y. P. S. (2012). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-642-77004-3.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kupferschmidt, Kai (15 June 2023). "Natural Blue". Science. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

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