Cultural universal
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found.
Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.Page Template:Multiple issues/styles.css has no content.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
Template:More footnotesPage Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.
|
A cultural universal (also called an anthropological universal or human universal) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all known human cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations.[1] Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a cultural relativist perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are "cultural" in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited behavior is an issue of "nature versus nurture". Prominent scholars on the topic include Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Donald Brown.
Donald Brown's list in Human Universals
In his book Human Universals (1991), Donald Brown defines human universals as comprising "those features of culture, society, language, behavior, and psyche for which there are no known exception", providing a list of hundreds of items he suggests as universal. Among the cultural universals listed by Donald Brown are:[2]
Language and cognition
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Society
Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Beliefs
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
Technology
Nicholas Christakis' innate social universals
Based on experiments and studies of accidental and utopian societies, sociologist and evolutionary biologist Nicholas Christakis proposes that humans have evolved to genetically favor societies that have eight universal attributes, including:[5]
- Love for romantic partners
- Love for offspring
- Friendship
- Social networks
- Cooperation
- In-group favoritism
Non-nativist explanations
The observation of the same or similar behavior in different cultures does not prove that they are the results of a common underlying psychological mechanism. One possibility is that they may have been invented independently due to a common practical problem.[6]
Outside influence could be an explanation for some cultural universals.[7] This does not preclude multiple independent inventions of civilization and is therefore not the same thing as hyperdiffusionism; it merely means that cultural universals are not proof of innateness.[8]
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Schacter, Daniel L, Daniel Wegner and Daniel Gilbert. 2007. Psychology. Worth Publishers. pp. 26–27
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Donald (1991). Human Universals. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0070082090.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anderson, C.; Kraus, M. W.; Galinsky, A. D.; Keltner, D. (2012). "The Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and Subjective Well-Being". Psychological Science. 23 (7): 764–71. doi:10.1177/0956797611434537. PMID 22653798. S2CID 8406753.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anderson, Cameron; Hildreth, John Angus D.; Howland, Laura (May 2015). "Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature". Psychological Bulletin. 141 (3): 574–601. doi:10.1037/a0038781. PMID 25774679. S2CID 17129083.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nicholas Christakis (2019). Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society. Little, Brown Spark.
- ^ Language: The cultural tool DL Everett - 2012 - Vintage
- ^ Equal Recognition: The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights, Alan Patten 2014
- ^ Cultures and Globalization: Cultural Expression, Creativity and Innovation, Helmut K Anheier, Yudhishthir Raj Isar 2010
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bourguignon, Erika; Greenbaum Ucko, Lenora (1973). Diversity and Homogeneity in World Societies. New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press. ISBN 978-0875363301.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Donald (1991). Human Universals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0070082090.
- Joseph H. Greenberg, et al. (1978) Universals of Human Language, 4 vols. Stanford University Press. Template:ISBN
- Charles D. Laughlin and Eugene G. d'Aquili (1974) Biogenetic Structuralism. New York: Columbia University Press. Template:ISBN
- Claude Lévi-Strauss (1966) The Savage Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd. Template:ISBN. [First published in French in 1962 as La Pensee Sauvage. Template:ISBN.]
- George P. Murdock (1945), "The Common Denominator of Culture", in The Science of Man in the World Crisis, Ralph Linton (ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Template:ISBN
- Charles E. Osgood, William S May, and Murray S Miron (1975) Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. Template:ISBN
- Steven Pinker (2002), The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, New York: Penguin Putnam. Template:ISBN
- Rik Pinxten (1976). "Epistemic universals: A contribution to cognitive anthropology" (PART II: Chapter 7). In Pinxten, Rik (ed.). Universalism Versus Relativism in Language and Thought. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton. Template:ISBN
- Brief news report of Psychological Bulletin article, Anderson, Hildreth, Howland (2015): Berkeley Haas School of Business. (May 6, 2015) "We all want high social status". ScienceDaily. Berkeley: University of California. Retrieved 24 March 2021
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.
