International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

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International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
AbbreviationIUPAP
Formation1922; 104 years ago (1922)
TypeInternational
Legal statusActive
PurposeTo stimulate and facilitate international cooperation in physics and the worldwide development of science [1]
HeadquartersGeneva, with an administrative office in Trieste[2]
LocationTemplate:Pluralize from textPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Region served
Worldwide
MembersInternational Science Council
Official language
English
President
Silvina Ponce Dawson
Main organ
Executive Council
Websiteiupap.org

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The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; /ˈaɪjuːpæp, ˈjuː-/) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity.[1][4][5] It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris.[6] The Union is domiciled in Geneva, Switzerland.[7]

IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists;[8][9] promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards;[10][11] and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.Therefore it is very important .[12][13][14]

IUPAP is a member of the International Science Council.

IUPAP was the lead organization promoting the adoption of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development,[15] which eventually was proclaimed by the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly 2 December 2021 for 2022.[16][17]

History

In 1919 was formed the International Research Council[18] "was largely through the representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, and of the Royal Society, London, to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences, under whose aegis international associations or unions in different branches of science could be formed".

By this principle, the 1922 General Assembly of the IRC convened at Brussels and a number of physicists present decided that the formation of a Physics Union was imperative.

Thirteen countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Union of South Africa) immediately announced their adherence to the new Union.

An Executive committee was formed which undertook to prepare rules, regulations, and activities of the organization. The committee consisted of ten distinguished physicists: W.H. Bragg, M. Brillouin, O.M. Corbino, M. Knudsen, M. Leblanc, R.A. Millikan, H. Nagaoka, E. Van Aubel, and H. Abraham. The committee had Bragg as President, Van Aubel as Vice-President, and Abraham as Secretary. This was the birth of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

The year 2022 marked the centenary of IUPAP, organized and run by the physics communities of the world. In this context, IUPAP sponsored the publication of Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, edited by Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro. This anthology brings together contributions to the history of IUPAP since its foundation.[19]

Committees and governance

The Union is governed by its General Assembly, which meets every three years. The Council is its top executive body, supervising the activities of the nineteen specialized International Commissions and the four Affiliated Commissions – it typically meets once or twice per year. The Union is composed of Members representing identified physics communities. At present 60 Members adhere to IUPAP. The Members are represented by Liaison Committees. Members of the Council and Commissions are elected by the General Assembly, based on nominations received from Liaison Committees and existing Council and Commission members.[20]

The IUPAP specialised Commissions are:

The Affiliated Commissions are:

AC1. International Commission for Optics

AC2. International Commission on General Relativity and Gravitation

AC3. International Commission for Acoustics

AC4. International Commission on Medical Physics

AC5. International Association of Physics Students

AC6. History and Philosophy of Physics

In addition IUPAP has established a number of Working Groups, among others the International Committee for Future Accelerators (WG1)[21][22] and Women in Physics (WG5),[23] to provide an overview of important areas of international collaboration in physics.

Each year, IUPAP endorses approximately 30 international conferences and awards grants to the majority of them. Applications for sponsorship can be made via the IUPAP website.

Sponsored conferences fall into four categories:

General Conferences - Type A

These provide a broad overview of an entire field (typically the field of interest to a Commission), and normally occur at two- or three-year intervals, as advances in the field warrant. Attendance in the range of 750–1000 would be anticipated.

Topical Conferences - Type B

These concentrate on broad sub-fields (e.g. nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, heavy ion physics, are possible sub-fields in the field of Nuclear Physics). They would normally be scheduled in the years between the corresponding Type A General conferences. Attendance in the range of 300-600 individuals would be anticipated.

Special Conferences - Type C

These concentrate on much more specialised topics than in the case of Type B Conferences (e.g. angular correlations, lifetime measurements, neutron resonance studies in the field of Nuclear Physics). Attendance in the range of 50-200 would be anticipated.

Workshops in Developing Countries - Type D

These concentrate on meeting the needs of a developing region. Unlike the Type A, B and C conferences, they do not need to be truly international, but should involve neighbouring countries, and they should address the needs of the region. One Type D conference will be approved each year. All applications for Type-D Conferences must be submitted to the Commission on Physics for Development (C13).

IUPAP commissions sponsor various awards for scientists. These include:

IUPAP Young Scientist Medal.
  • The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021.[24]
  • The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2)
  • The Boltzmann Medal, awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3)
  • The Shakti Duggal Award, established in 1983, to recognize outstanding work by a young scientist in the field of cosmic ray physics, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4), on behalf of the Bartol Research Institute.
  • The Yodh Prize, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4) on behalf of the University of California Irvine Foundation
  • The Fritz London Memorial Prize, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5)
  • The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe
  • ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9)
  • The Kennedy Reed Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13)
  • The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14)
  • Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the Commission on Plasma Physics (C16)
  • ICO Prize, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)
  • ICO Galileo Galilei Award, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)

Territorial members

IUPAP was founded in 1922 with 13 members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and South Africa. Since, then many new members have joined the union. Today, IUPAP consists of 56 territorial member.

Below is the list of IUPAP territorial members:

List of the Current and Former Territorial Members of IUPAP[25]
Country Shares

(2015)

Votes

(2015)

Year of

Joining

Year of

ceasing to

be a member

Rejoining

(1)

Rejoining

(2)

1 Algeria 1 1 2009
2 Argentina 1 1 1951 1984
3 Australia 4 3 1925
4 Austria 2 2 1957
5 Belgium 4 3 1922
6 Brazil 8 4 1951
7 Canada 8 4 1922
8 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 1 1 1984
9 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China-Beijing (PRC) 15 5 1984
10 File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg China-Taipei (Taiwan) 5 3 1984
11 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 1 1 2009 2017
12 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 1 1 1993
13 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 1 1 2003
14 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 4 3 1993
15 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 3 2 1922
16 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1 1 2002
17 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 1 1 2009 No Voting rights[26]
18 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 3 2 1947
19 File:Flag of France.svg France 15 5 1922
20 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 15 5 1954
21 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 1 1 ?
22 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 1 1 2009
23 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 3 2 1948
24 File:Flag of India.svg India 8 4 1948
25 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 1 1 ?
26 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 1 1 1966
27 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 2 2 1951
28 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 12 5 1923
29 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 15 5 1922
30 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 2 1 2018
31 File:Flag of South Korea.svg Korea (ROK) 10 5 1969
32 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 1 1 2002
33 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 1 1 2002
34 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 2 2 1925
35 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 4 3 1922
36 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 1 1 1954
37 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 3 2 1922
38 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 0 0 1951 2017
39 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 1 1 2009
40 Script error: No such module "flag". 1 1 2009
41 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 4 3 1922
42 File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 1 1 1984
43 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 1 1 1947 1960-87 2009
44 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 18 6 1992
45 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 1 1 1990
46 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 1 1 ? No voting rights
47 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 2 2 2009
48 Script error: No such module "flag". 1 1 1993
49 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 1 1 1993
50 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 3 2 1922
51 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 8 4 1922
52 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 8 4 1923
53 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 4 3 1922
54 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 1 1 2005
55 File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg United Kingdom 15 5 1922
56 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 18 6 1922
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 0 0 1963
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 0 0 1957
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 1 1 2009 2017
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 1 1 2009 2017
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 1 1 1969 No voting rights
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 1 1 1948 2017
File:Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany 1960
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 1 1 1995 2017
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 0 0 1990
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China

(membership renewed as China-Taipei)

1934 1984
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union

(succeeded by Russia)

18 6 1957 1991
File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 0 0 1954 1992

List of IUPAP Presidents

The IUPAP President is the head of the Executive Council. IUPAP Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. During the election of the Executive Council, the future President is also elected to the post of President-Designate. Thus in every Executive Council the current President-Designate will succeed the incumbent President.

Below is the list of IUPAP Presidents since its inception in 1922.

Term President Nationality
1922–1931 Sir William Henry Bragg[5] Script error: No such module "flag".
1931–1934 Robert Andrews Millikan[12] Script error: No such module "flag".
1934–1947 Mann Siegbahn[6] Script error: No such module "flag".
1947–1951 Hendrik Anthony Kramers[27] Script error: No such module "flag".
1951–1957 Sir Nevill Francis Mott[28][29] Script error: No such module "flag".
1957–1960 Edoardo Amaldi[30] Script error: No such module "flag".
1960–1963 Homi Jehangir Bhabha[6] Script error: No such module "flag".
1963–1966 Louis Eugène Félix Néel[6] Script error: No such module "flag".
1966–1969 Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev[31] Script error: No such module "flag".
1969–1972 Robert Fox Bacher[12] Script error: No such module "flag".
1972–1975 Heinz Maier-Leibnitz[32] Script error: No such module "flag".
1975–1978 Sir Clifford Charles Butler[33] Script error: No such module "flag".
1978–1981 Leonard Sosnowski [34] Script error: No such module "flag".
1981–1984 Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Script error: No such module "flag".
1984–1987 David Allan Bromley[35] Script error: No such module "flag"./Script error: No such module "flag".
1987–1990 Larkin Kerwin[36] Script error: No such module "flag".
1990–1993 Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan[37] Script error: No such module "flag".
1993–1996 Yasatuka Yamaguchi [38] Script error: No such module "flag".
1996–1999 Jan S. Nilsson [39][40] Script error: No such module "flag".
1999–2002 Burton Richter[41][42] Script error: No such module "flag".
2002–2005 Yves Pierre Petroff Script error: No such module "flag".
2005–2008 Alan Astbury[43] Script error: No such module "flag".
2008–2011 Sukekatsu Ushioda Script error: No such module "flag".
2011–2014 Cecilia Jarlskog[44] Script error: No such module "flag".
2014–2017 Bruce McKellar[45] Script error: No such module "flag".
2017–2020 Kennedy J. Reed[44] Script error: No such module "flag".
2020–2024 Michel Spiro[46] Script error: No such module "flag".
2025-2027 Silvina Ponce Dawson[47] Script error: No such module "flag".

IUPAP reactions to sanctions in science

IUPAP, whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity, has throughout its history defended the stand that no scientists should be barred from participating in conferences or events on the basis of their nationality or their affiliation.[5][48] Shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, IUPAP issued a statement against the military offensive, while advocating for continued international scientific cooperation.[49][50][51] To alleviate sanctions in science and to promote principles and policies for international scientific collaboration,[52] IUPAP offers physicists, including students, from any country around the world, who feel excluded from academic exchange based exclusively on their affiliation and/or country of origin, to apply to use the IUPAP as their affiliation.[53][54][55][56]

See also

References

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