I. I. Chundrigar
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Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar [a] (15 September 1897 – 26 September 1960) was a Pakistani politician who served as the sixth prime minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957. He resigned due to a vote of no confidence on 11 December 1957, against him.[1]
He was trained in constitutional law at the University of Bombay and was one of the Founding Fathers of the Dominion of Pakistan. Having served for just 55 days, Chundrigar's tenure is the third shortest served in the parliamentary history of Pakistan, after those of Shujaat Hussain and Nurul Amin, who served as prime minister for 54 and 13 days, respectively.[3][4]
Biography
Early life and law practice
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar was born in Godhra, Gujarat, in India on 15 September 1897.[1][5][disputed – discuss] He was an only child.[6]
Chundrigar moved to Bombay for his higher studies. He attended the University of Bombay where he earned a BA degree, and later the LLB degree in 1920.[7][8] From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar was a lawyer for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.[9]
From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced civil law, and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation.[8] During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing similar ideology and political views.[6]
In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act 1935 introduced by the British government in India. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.[10]
From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced in the Bombay High Court.[9]
Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement
Chundrigar stood for the Bombay Legislative Assembly as a Muslim League candidate in the 1937 provincial elections, and was elected from the Ahmedabad district rural constituency. From 1940 to 1945, he was president of the Bombay provincial Muslim League.[1][11]
In 1946, he was elected to the assembly from a Muslim urban constituency in Ahmedabad.[12] He was appointed Commerce Minister under the presidential administrations of the Viceroys of India, Archibald Wavell (1946) and Louis Mountbatten (1946-47).[7] Peter Lyon, a reader emeritus in international relations, described Chundrigar as a "close supporter" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement.[13]
Public service in Pakistan
Diplomacy and governorships
After the partition of India by the act of the British Empire that established Pakistan, Chundrigar endorsed Liaquat Ali Khan's bid for the premiership[citation needed] and was retained as the commerce minister in the administration of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 15 August 1947.[14]
In May 1948, Chundrigar left the Commerce Ministry and was appointed Pakistan's Ambassador to Afghanistan.[15][16] Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the Afghan government (supported by India as early as 1949) over the issue of Pakistan's north-west border with Afghanistan.[17]
Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the Foreign Office, which viewed his inability to understand the Pashtun culture as a possible factor in fracturing Afghan-Pakistan relations.[18] In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, a position he held until 1951.[7] A Cabinet reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed the governor of Punjab but he resigned in 1953 due to differences with Governor-General M.G. Muhammad when he enforced martial law at the request of Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin to control violent religious riots that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.[3]
Law ministry in coalition administration
In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the central government of a three-party coalition: the Awami League, the Muslim League, and the Republican Party.[3] He was appointed minister of law and justice.[19] During this time, he also acted as a leader of the opposition.[20]
At the National Assembly, he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of parliamentarianism when he pleaded the case of "Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan".[7]
Premiership (1957)
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At the first session of the National Assembly, Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the Electoral College which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League.[22][21] With the Republican Party leaders—party president Feroz Khan and President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza—exploiting and manipulating the opponents of the Muslim League, a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.[22][21]
Chundrigar served the third-shortest term of any Prime Minister in Pakistan: 17 October 1957 – 11 December 1957, 55 days into his term.[4][3]
Death and reputation
In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed president of the Supreme Court Bar Association, a position he held until his death.[2] In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to Hamburg where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a hemorrhage while visiting in London.[2] For treatment, he was taken to the Royal Northern Hospital and suddenly died.[2] His body was brought back to Karachi in Pakistan, where he was buried in a local cemetery.[2]
In his honour, the government of Pakistan renamed McLeod Road in Karachi after him.[23]
Notes
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References
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- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khan Tahawar Ali Khan, ed. (1961). Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan. p. 106. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chundrigar dies in London". Dawn. Pakistan. 29 September 1960. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Burki, Shahid Javed (2015). "§I.I. Chundrigar". Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136. ISBN 9781442241480. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1995). Political System in Pakistan: Role of military dictatorship in Pakistan politics. Deep & Deep. p. 244. ISBN 9788171007387. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goradia, Prafull (2003). Muslim League's unfinished agenda. New Delhi: Contemporary Targett. p. 53. ISBN 81-7525-376-2.
Chundrigar ... hailed from Godhra in Gujarat
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Chundrigar Diaries". Sunday Times. Islamabad. 25 November 2012.
The only child of his parents ... in total consonance with Mr. Jinnah's vision
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar". storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Saʻīd, Aḥmad; Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore, Pakistan) (1997). Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary. Institute of Pakistan Historical Research. p. 111. OCLC 246043260.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Asia Who's Who. Hong Kong: Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance. 1957. p. 90. OCLC 1514422.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newberg, Paula R. (2002). "Constituting the State". Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780521894401. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Nagendra Kumar, ed. (2001). "Chundrigar, Ismail Ibrahim (1897 — 1960)". Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. II. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 196. ISBN 81-7648-232-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sho, Kuwajima (1998). Muslims, Nationalism, and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections in India. Mumbai: Manohar. p. 172. ISBN 978-81-7304-211-9. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lentz, Harris M. (2013) [First published 1994]. Heads of States and Governments. Routledge. p. 612. ISBN 978-1-134264-90-2. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pāshā, Aḥmad Shujāʻ (1991). Pakistan: a political profile, 1947 to 1988. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 88. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1979). World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Quaid-i-Azam University Press. p. 342.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yunas, S. Fida (2002). Afghanistan: The Peshawar Sardars' branch of Barakzais. pp. 220–221. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Foreign Affairs Pakistan". Foreign Affairs Pakistan. 35 (7–9). Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 487. July 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debates: Official Report. Manager of Publications. 1956. p. 19. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Akbar, M. K. (1997). Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif. Mittal Publications. p. 149. ISBN 9788170996743. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister". storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zakaria, Nasim (1958). Parliamentary Government in Pakistan. New Publishers. p. 62. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."I. I. Chundrigar Road — Developing Attraction at the Financial Hub". Pakistan & Gulf Economist. Vol. 26. 2007. p. 19. ISSN 0030-9745.
External links
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