Intercalated disc
Template:Short description Template:Infobox microanatomy Intercalated discs or lines of Eberth are microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) connected by intercalated discs to work as a single functional syncytium. By contrast, skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated muscle fibers and exhibits no intercalated discs. Intercalated discs support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work like a pump.[1] They occur at the Z line of the sarcomere and can be visualized easily when observing a longitudinal section of the tissue.
Structure
Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions.[2]
- Fascia adherens are anchoring sites for actin, and connect to the closest sarcomere.[3]
- Desmosomes prevent separation during contraction by binding intermediate filaments, anchoring the cell membrane to the intermediate filament network, joining the cells together. [2][3]
- Gap junctions connect the cytoplasms of neighboring cells electrically allowing cardiac action potentials to spread between cardiac cells by permitting the passage of ions between cells, producing depolarization of the heart muscle.[3][2]
All of these junctions work together as a single unit called the area composita.[2]
Clinical significance
Mutations in the intercalated disc gene are responsible for various cardiomyopathies that can lead to heart failure.[2]
Ruptured intercalated discs, when seen on histopathology, have two main causes:
- Microtome sectioning, thereby being a visual artifact.[4]
- Forceful myocardial contraction, in turn mainly caused by ventricular fibrillation[5] or electrical injury.[6]
Additional signs indicating forceful myocardial contraction are:[5][6]
- Alternating bundles of hypercontracted myocytes with hyperdistended ones.
- Square-shaped myocardiocyte nuclei.
- Hyperdistended myocardiocytes with detached sarcomeres, and in proximity of hypercontracted myocardiocytes.
-
Square-shaped nuclei, indicating forceful myocardial contraction.
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Template:CC-notice Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 10.7 Cardiac muscle tissue. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhao, G; Qiu, Y; Zhang, HM; Yang, D (January 2019). "Intercalated discs: cellular adhesion and signaling in heart health and diseases". Heart Failure Reviews. 24 (1): 115–132. doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9743-7. PMID 30288656. S2CID 52919432.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Feher, Joseph (2012-01-01), Feher, Joseph (ed.), "5.7 - The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility", Quantitative Human Physiology (Second Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 547–555, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800883-6.00051-3, ISBN 978-0-12-800883-6, retrieved 2020-12-28
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ Page 38 in: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Giorgio Baroldi (2004). The Etiopathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease: A Heretical Theory Based on Morphology, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781498712811.
- ^ a b Page 55 in: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vittorio Fineschi, Giorgio Baroldi, Malcolm D. Silver (2016). Pathology of the Heart and Sudden Death in Forensic Medicine. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420006438.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fineschi, Vittorio; Karch, Steven B.; D'Errico, Stefano; Pomara, Cristoforo; Riezzo, Irene; Turillazzi, Emanuela (2005). "Cardiac pathology in death from electrocution". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 120 (2): 79–82. doi:10.1007/s00414-005-0011-8. ISSN 0937-9827. PMID 16078070. S2CID 24759863.
External links
- Histology image: 22502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University — "Ultrastructure of the Cell: cardiac muscle, intercalated disk "
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