Judeo-Italian dialects

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Italkian)

Template:Short description

Page Module:Hatnote/styles.css has no content.

"Corfiot Italkian" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Corfiot Italians, the ethnic minority of Italians in Corfu.

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.

Judeo-Italian
Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ג׳יודו־איטאליאנו‎ Script error: No such module "Lang".
PronunciationScript error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".
RegionItaly
Israel
EthnicityItalian Jews
Native speakers
200 in Italy, 250 in total (2022)Template:Ethnologue25 does not exist
Very few speakers are fluent as of 2007[1]
Dialects
Hebrew alphabet 10th-18th centuries Italian Alphabet 19th century onwards
Language codes
ISO 639-3itk
Glottologjude1255
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Judeo-Italian (or Judaeo-Italian, Judæo-Italian, and other names including Italkian) is a group of endangered and extinct Jewish dialects, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today.[2] The dialects are one of the Italian languages and are a subgrouping of the Judeo-Romance Languages.[3] Some words have Italian prefixes and suffixes added to Hebrew words as well as Aramaic roots.[4] All of the dialects except Judeo-Roman are now extinct.[5]

The term Judeo-Italian

The glottonym Script error: No such module "Lang". is of academic and relatively late coinage. In English, the term was first used (as Judæo-Italian) by Lazaro Belleli in 1904 in the Jewish Encyclopedia,[6] describing the languages of the Jews of Corfu.[7] In Italian, Giuseppe Cammeo referred to a Script error: No such module "Lang". ('Judaico-Italian jargon') in a 1909 article.[8] That same year, Umberto Cassuto used the term Script error: No such module "Lang"., in the following (here translated into English):[9]

Page Template:Blockquote/styles.css has no content.

...It is almost nothing, if you will, even compared with other Jewish dialects, Judeo-Spanish for instance, that are more or less used literally; all this is true, but from the linguistic point of view, Judeo-German is worth as much as Judeo-Italian [Script error: No such module "Lang".], to name it so, since for the glottological science the different forms of human speech are important in themselves and not by its number of speakers or the artistic forms they are used in. Moreover, a remarkable difference between Judeo-German and Judeo-Italian [Script error: No such module "Lang".], that is also valuable from the scientific point of view, is that while the former is so different from German as to constitute an independent dialect, the latter by contrast is not essentially a different thing from the language of Italy, or from the individual dialects of the different provinces of Italy

Other designations

  • Historically, Italian Jews referred to their vernaculars as Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Hebrew for 'foreign language', 'non-Hebrew language'.[10] And linguists use Script error: No such module "Lang". as a description of words of Romance origin in Yiddish.[a] This may be connected with the Germanic use of the word Script error: No such module "Lang". (literally, 'foreign') and derived cognates, for Romance peoples and languages and sometimes Celtic peoples and languages (as in English terms Walloons, Wallachians, and Welsh): the Italian and Sephardic Hebrew script for Torah scrolls is known in Yiddish as Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  • In 1587, David de Pomis used the word Script error: No such module "Lang". in reference to the Italian glosses in his trilingual dictionary. The Hebrew title of the 1609 Venice Haggadah uses the word Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) for the language of Leone Modena's translation (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".).[11]
  • Other historic descriptions are Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"., both of which were commonly used in the Middle Ages to mean early Italian dialects in general, i.e. Vulgar Latin varieties.[12]
  • After the institution of the Ghetto forced Jewish communities throughout Italy into segregation, the term Script error: No such module "Lang". was identified with local Jewish varieties of regional dialects.
  • Another native name type is Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g., Judeo-Florentine Script error: No such module "Lang".; < Latin *Script error: No such module "Lang"., or an assimilation of the hiatus Script error: No such module "IPA". *Script error: No such module "Lang". < *Script error: No such module "Lang".).
  • The English neologism Italkian was coined in 1942 by Solomon Birnbaum, based on the modern Hebrew adjective Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Italian', from the Middle Hebrew adjective Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'Italic' or 'Roman'.[13]

ISO and Library of Congress classifications

The International Organization for Standardization language code for Judeo-Italian / Italkian in the ISO 639-3 specification is itk; the ISO 639-2 collective language code roa (for Romance languages) can also apply more generally.

"Italkian" is not used by the US Library of Congress as a subject heading, nor does it figure as a reference to Judeo-Italian. The authorized subject heading is "Judeo-Italian language".

History

Early history

The first Jewish communities in Italy emerged during the 2nd century BC and were Greek speaking with knowledge of Hebrew and Aramaic. But by 1000 AD the Jewish community in Italy had abandoned Greek and adopted early forms of Italian.[12] By the 900's AD Hebrew loanwords had begun to find their way into the speech of Italian Jews and Italian writing begins appearing in Hebrew, though the amount of Hebrew influence varies widely.[12]

Later History

During the 16th century expulsions led[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] to a massive decline in the amount of Judeo-Italian literature.[14] During the 19th century Judeo-Italian had switched from using Hebrew letters to the latin alphabet.[12] The language began to decline in the early 19th century as Italian Jews were emancipated and began to switch to standard Italian instead of Judeo-Italian.[15] At the same time it began to be written down to preserve the language as it declines.[16] By 1900, 30,000 people spoke the language, today it is down to 250.[12] Around 2015 Judeo-Piedmontese went extinct.[17] All of the dialects of Judeo-Italian except for Judeo-Roman are now extinct.[12]

Influence on other Jewish languages

According to some scholars, there are some Judeo-Italian loan words that have found their way into Yiddish.[3] For example, the word in Judeo-Italian for 'synagogue' is Script error: No such module "Lang"., closely related to Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'school'. The use of words for 'school' to mean 'synagogue' dates back to the Roman Empire. The Judeo-Italian distinction between Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". parallels the Standard Yiddish distinction between Script error: No such module "Lang". for 'synagogue' and Script error: No such module "Lang". for 'school'. Another example is Yiddish Script error: No such module "Lang"., from the Judeo-Italian Script error: No such module "Lang". ('gentile', 'non-Jew', 'Christian'), as differentiated from the standard Italian Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'noble', 'gentleman'[18] (even if the name can come from Judeo-French and French as well).

There are also several loanwords from Judeo-Italian dialects in Judeo-Gascon, due to the migration of a few Italian families to the Sephardi communities in Gascony during the 18th and 19th centuries.[19]

Dialects

Judeo-Italian regional dialects (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".), these:

Unspecified

Central Judeo-Italian

Source:[23]

Tuscan Judeo-Italian

Source:[23]

Northern Judeo-Italian

Source:[23]

Venetian

Gallo-Italic

Source:[23]

At least two Judeo-Italian varieties, based on the Salentino and Venetian languages, were also used in Corfu[24] Page Template:Crossreference/styles.css has no content.Page Module:Hatnote/styles.css has no content.(see relevant section in Corfiot Italians).

Time based divisions

It is also divided into two time based varieties which are Early Judeo-Italian which is attested through writings made from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Judeo-Italian attested from 1700 onwards.[16]

Characteristics

All of the spoken Judeo-Italian varieties used combination of Hebrew verb stems with Italian conjugations (e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'to eat'; Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'to steal'; Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'to speak'; Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'to go'). Similarly, there are abstract nouns such as Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'goodness'. This feature is unique among Jewish languages[citation needed] although there are arguably parallels in Jewish English dialect.

Also common are lexical incorporations from Hebrew, particularly those applicable to daily life. Terms from other Jewish languages such as Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish were also incorporated. Bagitto, spoken in Livorno, is particularly rich in loanwords from Judeo-Spanish and Judeo-Portuguese.

It was claimed by Cassuto that most Judeo-Italian dialects reflect the Italian dialect of places further to the south, due to the fact that since the expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of Naples, the general direction of Jewish migration in Italy had been northward.[9]

Compared to the non Jewish languages they're related to, the Judeo-Italian languages are relatively similar to each other, with them all being mutually intelligible.[25]

The degree of variation between Judeo-Italian dialects and their base languages (Judeo-Venetian and Venetian, Judeo-Piedmontese and Piedmontese etc.) varies. With some like Judeo-Mantuan being more divergent, others like Judeo-Venetian being less divergent and some like Judeo-Livornese being in the middle.[26]

Works in Judeo-Italian

The oldest known Judeo-Italian text is found in the margin notes of a copy of the Mishnah written between 1072 and 1073 known as "Mishnah A". One of the most accessible ways to view the Judeo-Italian language is by looking at translations of biblical texts such as the Torah and Hagiographa. For example, the Judeo-Italian language is represented in a 1716 Venetian Haggadah, a Jewish prayer book typically used during a seder, some samples of which are available online.[27]

Today, there are two locations, the Oxford Bodleian Library, and the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, in which many of these texts have been archived.[28]

Some notable writers who wrote in Judeo-Italian are: Guido Bedarida who wrote in Bagitto, and Annibale Gallico who wrote in Judeo-Mantuan.[20] A theater groups named Chaimme 'a sore 'o sediaro e 'a moje (Chaim, the sister, the chairmaker and the wife) performs plays in Judeo-Roman, and Crescenzo Del Monte wrote plays in Judeo-Roman,[5] and the play Gnora Luna in Judeo-Florentine.[22]

See also

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". is also used for the French or other Romance words used in Rashi's Biblical and Talmudic commentaries to explain the meanings of obscure Hebrew or Aramaic words.

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference e25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A language of Italy". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jochnowitz, George. "Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?". George Jochnowitz. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Waldman, Nahum (1989). The Recent Study of Hebrew. Hebrew Union College Press: 1989 Hebrew Union College. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0-87820-908-5.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?". www.jochnowitz.net. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Belleli, Lazaro (1904). "Judæo-Greek and Judæo-Italian". Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. pp. 310–313.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."JUDÆO-GREEK AND JUDÆO-ITALIAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cammeo, Giuseppe (1909). "Studj dialettali". Vessillo Israelitico (in italiano). 57: 169.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cassuto, Umberto (1909). "Parlata ebraica" [Hebraic speech]. Vessillo Israelitico. 57: 255–256. Script error: No such module "Lang".
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Katz Nelson, Itzhak (2008). "Yiddish Language". Encyclopaedia iudaica.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Pomis, David (1587). Tsemaḥ David: Dittionario novo hebraico, molto copioso, dechiarato in tre lingue. Venice: Apud Ioannem de Gara – via Google Books and National Library of Naples. In Latin and Hebrew.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Judeo-Italian". JewishLanguages.org. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Birnbaum, Solomon (1944). "Jewish Languages". In Epstein, I.; Levine, E.; Roth, C. (eds.). Essays in Honour of the Very Rev. Dr. J. H. Hertz, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire, on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, September 25, 1942 (5703). London: E. Goldston. pp. 63, 67.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minervini, Laura (2021). "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 9.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maddalena Colasuonno, Maria. "Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese". Academia. p. 122.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maddalena Colasuonno, Maria (2018). "Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese". Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective: 122.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Duberti, Nicola; Milano, Maria Teresa; Miola, Emanuele (2015-11-01). "A linguistic sketch of Judeo-Piedmontese and what it tells us about Piedmontese Jews' origins". Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (in Deutsch). 131 (4): 1042–1064. doi:10.1515/zrp-2015-0072. hdl:11585/646734. ISSN 1865-9063.
  18. ^ www.jochnowitz.net
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nahon, Peter (2018), Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Documents et inventaire lexical, Paris: Classiques Garnier, ISBN 978-2-406-07296-6, see pp. 24-25, 353-355.
  20. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Judeo-Italian". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ryzhik, Michael (2016). "Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile". Journal of Jewish Languages. 4 (2): 261–266. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340074. ISSN 2213-4387.
  22. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minervini, Laura (2021). "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 10.
  23. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese". Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective: 123. 2018.
  24. ^ [1][dead link]
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Judeo Italian". www.jochnowitz.net. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese". Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective: 152. 2018.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Seder Haggadah Shel Pesah". Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020 – via Bauman Rare Books.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. "Brill's Handbooks in Linguistics" series. Vol. 2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 297–299. ISBN 978-90-04-21733-1.

Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.

Bibliography

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Judeo-Italian dialects test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Judeo-Italian_dialects&oldid=447943"