Jämtland dialects

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Jämtland dialects
Jamtish[1]
jamska, jamtska[1]
RegionJämtland
Native speakers
(30,000 cited 2000)[2]
Indo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
jmk (retired ISO code)
Glottologjamt1238
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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IETFgmq-u-sd-sez
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Jämtland in northern Sweden

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Jämtland dialects, or Jamtish[1] (endonym: jamska Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx), are a group of North Germanic dialects spoken in the Swedish province of Jämtland. In the eastern part of Jämtland the dialects are transitional to those of Ångermanland. The dialect group is commonly regarded and treated as a single entity. Some people[who?] consider it a language separate from Swedish.

The dialects share many characteristics with Trøndersk — the dialect spoken to the west in Norwegian Trøndelag, and has historically sometimes been considered to be Norwegian in origin.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The current view in Scandinavian dialectology, however, is that they belong in either the East or West Scandinavian branch.

Name

The local name for the dialects is jamska. There is, however, no common term for the dialects in English, and academic sources call them by various names, such as jamska, jämtska, Jämtish dialect, Jämtlandic dialect, Jämtland dialects or dialects of Jämtland.[citation needed]

The endonym jamska is technically a definite form; the indefinite form jaamsk/jamske is rarely used.[citation needed]

Characteristics

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Vowel balance

Like all other central Scandinavian dialects (Trønder dialects, east Norwegian dialects, Norrland dialects, some Finland Swedish dialects), the most characteristic feature of the Jämtland dialects is vowel balance, an event that caused the vowel endings after heavy syllables to weaken and later even drop entirely in some dialects moving the tone over from ending to the root syllable, example Old Norse kasta Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". (> Script error: No such module "IPA". "to throw"), while the endings after light syllables instead were reinforced, and even caused a type of umlaut or vowel harmony on the root vowel (example Old Norse lifa Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". "to live"). According to one theory, this phenomenon has its roots in influence from the neighbouring Saami languages in medieval times.[5]

Prosody

The Old Norse phonemic contrast of light and heavy syllables is partly preserved in eastern Jämtland dialects,[6] and to some degree in Western Jämtland dialects[7] and in the Oviken parish in southwestern Jämtland.[8] In eastern Jämtland and in Oviken parish, short stressed syllables are preserved from Old Norse words like hǫku 'chin', lifa 'to live', which have evolved to Script error: No such module "IPA". in Fors parish, Script error: No such module "IPA". in Ragunda and Stugun parishes, Script error: No such module "IPA". in Hällesjö parish,[9] and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Oviken parish,[10] while lifa has become [læ̂ʋa᷈] or similar in all of the parishes.[11][12] In western Jämtland, the short syllables are less stable, and are often lengthened to long or half-long in accent 2 words, but is preserved in accent 1 words: Old Norse svið 'burned' has become [sʋɛ̂] in Åre parish,[13] while accent 2 words like Old Norse lofa 'to promise', duna 'to make noise', which have evolved to Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Undersåker, Kall and Åre parishes.[13]

Primary and secondary diphthongs

Central- and southwestern Jämtland dialects have preserved the Old Norse primary diphthongs ai, au, ey, usually with pronunciations like Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"..[14] In the Offerdal parish in western Jämtland, ai and ey have monophthongized to Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".,[15] while au is preserved as Script error: No such module "IPA"..[14] Eastern Jämtland dialects (spoken in the parishes Borgvattnet, Ragunda, Fors, Stugun, Håsjö, Hällesjö) have no diphthongs, but have monophthongized ai to Script error: No such module "IPA"., ey to Script error: No such module "IPA"., and au to Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..[16][17][18] Southwestern Jämtland dialects have not only preserved the original diphthongs, but also, similar to Icelandic and some dialects in Norway, diphthongized Old Norse á to Script error: No such module "IPA". in Myssjö parish, Script error: No such module "IPA". in Hackås and Oviken parishes, and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Berg and Rätan parishes.[14]

Voiceless L

The Jämtland dialects, like Icelandic, Faroese, and other northern Scandinavian dialects, have both a voiced Script error: No such module "IPA". and voiceless Script error: No such module "IPA". l-sound. This sound comes from a voiced l that has been partly assimilated by either a preceding s or t, or a following t: Old Norse kirtilinn 'gland' has become Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".[19] or similar, Old Norse slíta 'to struggle, to pull' has become Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".[20] or similar, and Old Norse allt 'all' has become Script error: No such module "IPA". or similar.[20]

Orthography

There have been attempts to standardize the orthography of the Jämtland dialects. The attempt that has been the most popular is Vägledning för stavning av jamska (1994 and 1995) which is the work of the committee Akademien för jamska consisting of Bodil Bergner, Berta Magnusson and Bo Oscarsson. The most prominent application of this orthography has been to prepare translations of parts of the Bible into the dialect, resulting in the book Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska. An excerpt:

Genesis 1:26–27:

26Å Gud saa: 'Lätt oss gjära når mänish, nager som e lik oss. Å dom ske rå öve fishn derri havan å över foglan pyne himmela, å öve tamdjura öve heile jola, å öve all de djur som kravl å rör se på jorn.'
27Å Gud skapa mänishan å gjool som n avbild ta se själv. Te kær å kviin skapa n dom.

The book does not fully follow Vägledning för stavning av jamska. For example, using Vägledning för stavning av jamska one would spell gjæra v. 'do; make', not "gjära". Another spelling convention in Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska is the use of the digraph "sh", in e.g. "mänish" n. 'human being' and "fishn" n. 'the fish', with the same pronunciation as English 'sh' in 'shoe'. Properly using Vägledning för stavning av jamska, this would be spelled sch; see § 26 in the external link below. People writing Jämtland dialects commonly use the letters of the Swedish alphabet, with the addition of æ and ô.[citation needed] The letters c, q, w, x, and z are usually not used.[citation needed]

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jamtska". LINGUIST List. Retrieved 5 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jamtska". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2006-05-03. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  4. ^ Dalen, Arnold (2005). Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar Script error: No such module "webarchive".. Språkrådet, Norway. (In Norwegian). Retrieved 13 November 2007.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kusmenko, Jurij (2007). The origin of Vowel Balance in Swedish and Norwegian dialects.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flemström, Bertil. De östjämtska målen (PDF). Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geijer, Herman (1922). Tilljämningens ock apokopens utbredningsvägar.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Österberg, Karl Lorenz (1914). Ovikens Bygdemål i Jämtland.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vestlund, Alfred (1923). Medelpads folkmål. p. 24.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Österberg, Karl Lorenz (1914). Ovikens bygdemål i Jämtland. p. 92.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vestlund, Alfred (1923). Medelpads folkmål. p. 26.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Österberg, Karl Lorenz (1914). Ovikens bygdemål i Jämtland. p. 15.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geijer, Herman. Tilljämningens ock apokopens utbredningsvägar. p. 22.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westin, Hans (1897). Landsmålsalfabetet för Jämtland och Härjedalen. pp. 73–79.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westin, Hans. Landsmålsalfabetet för Jämtland ock Härjedalen. pp. 70–72.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Marklund, Felix (2018). Monoftongeringen i Sverige och Danmark. p. 49.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westin, Hans (1897). Landsmålsalfabetet för Jämtland och Härjedalen. p. 63.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vestlund, Alfred (1923). Medelpads folkmål. p. 30.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westin, Hans. Landsmålsalfabetet för Jämtland och Härjedalen. p. 21.
  20. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westin, Hans (1897). Landsmålsalfabetet för Jämtland och Härjedalen. pp. 40–42.

Bibliography

Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Noreen, Adolf (1903–1907). Vårt språk: nysvensk grammatik i utförlig framställning. Bd 1 (in Swedish). Lund: Gleerup.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

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