Kaithi
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:DMCA Template:DMCA
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| Kaithi Kayathi, Kayasthi 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲 | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Kaithī script (vowels top three rows, consonants below) | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 16th–mid 20th century |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Languages | Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili (Primary)
Others: |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Sylheti Nagari |
Sister systems | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.Kthi Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.(317), Kaithi |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Kaithi |
| U+11080–U+110CF | |
Template:Contains special characters Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Kaithi (Template:Script/Kaithi, Script error: No such module "IPA".), also called Kayathi (Template:Script/Kaithi), Kayasthi (Template:Script/Kaithi, Script error: No such module "IPA".), Kayastani, or Kaite Lipi (Template:Script/Kaithi) in Nepali,[1] is a Brahmic script historically used across parts of Northern and Eastern India. It was prevalent in regions corresponding to modern-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand. The script was primarily utilized for legal, administrative, and private records and was adapted for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Angika, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Surjapuri, Maithili, Magahi, and Nagpuri.[2]
Etymology
The name Kaithi script is derived from the term Kayastha, a socio-professional group historically linked to writing, record-keeping and administration.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. This community served in royal courts and later in British colonial administration, maintaining revenue records, legal documents, title deeds, and general correspondence.[3]
The Kaithi script is used in the multilingual stone inscription of King Pratap Malla, dated to 1654 CE. In this inscription, the name “Kayathināgara Ākhara” (Newar: 𑐎𑐫𑐠𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐐𑐬 𑐁𑐏𑐬, “Kayathinagari script”) is used to refer to this script in Newar language.[4] This script is also known as Kaite Lipi in Nepali language.[1]
History
Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani.[5] Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike [citation needed] for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.[6]
In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education.[7] Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.[8]
Classes
On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Bhojpuri
This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Magahi
Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Tirhuti
It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Vowels
Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:
| Trans. | Shown with ⟨𑂍⟩ | Trans. | Shown with ⟨𑂍⟩ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guttural | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Palatal | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Rounded | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Palatoguttural | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Labioguttural | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Diacritics
Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:
| Diacritic | Name | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Letter | chandrabindu | A chandrabindu denotes nasalisation although it is not normally used with Kaithi.[3] |
| Template:Letter | anusvara | An anusvara in Kaithi represents true vowel nasalisation.[3] For example, Template:Script/Kaithi, kaṃ. |
| Template:Letter | visarga | Visarga is a Sanskrit holdover originally representing /h/. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi kaḥ.[3] |
| Template:Letter | halanta | A virama removes a consonant's inherent a and in some cases forms consonant clusters. Compare Template:Script/Kaithi maba with Template:Script/Kaithi mba.[9] |
| Template:Letter | nuqta | A nuqta is used to extend letters to represent non-native sounds. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi ja + nuqta = Template:Script/Kaithi, which represents Arabic zayin.[3] |
Consonants
All Kaithi consonants have an inherent /a/ vowel:
Notes: Template:NoteFoot
Consonant Ligatures
In the Kaithi script, conjunct consonant ligatures called Sanyuktakshar ( Template:Script/Kaithi, romanised: Sanyuktachhar ), are generally less complex and standardised than those found in Devanagari, because of the morphology of the languages Kaithi is written in. In spoken Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Awadhi, there is significant simplification of consonant clusters through metathesis. Complex phonemes like /ksha/ (Dev: Page Template:Script/styles.css has no content.क्षTemplate:Script/doc/id-unk / Kthi: Template:Script/Kaithi ) from Sanskrit are instead replaced by simpler phonemes like /cha/ (Template:Script/Kaithi).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- Example 1: The word karma (Dev: Script error: No such module "Lang".) becomes karam (Kthi: Template:Script/Kaithi)
- Example 2: The word Sanyuktakshar (Dev: Script error: No such module "Lang".) becomes Sanyuktachhar (Kthi: Template:Script/Kaithi)
The second reason is Kaithi's orthographic nature. Because Kaithi was optimised by removing the shirorekha, to efficiently and rapidly transcribe information through continuous rapid strokes, historically, scribes have often avoided complex conjunct forms. Instead, they preferred to write the consonants sequentially, using an explicit virama (Template:Script/Kaithi) to suppress the inherent vowel. However, ligated forms also exist, particularly in the Tirhuti class of Kaithi.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Example: The conjunct mba can be rendered as:
the same conjunct mba can be ligated as:
When ligatures are employed, they typically follow two primary structural patterns:
- Vertical Stacking: The trailing consonant is written directly below the leading consonant. This method is predominantly used for homorganic nasals and geminates.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
- Half-Forms: The distinctive right vertical stem of the leading consonant is removed, and the remaining left half is joined horizontally to the subsequent consonant
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Common Double Consonants
Geminates are among the most frequently encountered ligatures in historical Kaithi manuscripts. They can be ligated or unligated, depending upon the scribe.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Rhotic Ligation
Similar to Devanagari, when the consonant /ɾa/ (Template:Script/Kaithi) is part of a conjunct, it takes on a specialised reduced shape depending on its position in the consonant cluster.
- Initial consonant (Repha): When /ɾa/ precedes another consonant like in /ɾma/, it is written as a repha (Template:Script/Kaithi). In Kaithi, the repha is a small, curved stroke placed above and slightly to the right of the following consonant. Because Kaithi was often written rapidly without a shirorekha, the exact placement of the repha could float somewhat loosely above the character it modified.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
- Second consonant (Rakar): When /ɾa/ follows another consonant like in /pɾa/, it is written as a rakar (Template:Script/Kaithi). For characters with a vertical right stem like /pa/ (Template:Script/Kaithi) or /ka/ (Template:Script/Kaithi), the rakar is usually a short, diagonal stroke attached to the lower half of that stem. For characters lacking a straight right stem like /ʈa/ (𑂗), the rakar often attaches to the bottom of the letterform.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Below is a comprehensive table of all 1225 possible biconsonantal Kaithi conjunct clusters. The derived characters /ɽ/ (Template:Script/Kaithi) and /ɽʱ/ (Template:Script/Kaithi) have also been included. Some of the ligated conjuncts may not be viable combinations in any language. Template:Sticky table startTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Mw-datatable
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- ^ Grierson classifies in Plate III . into Strong, Weak and Mixed conjuncts. The class of Kaithi is Tirhuta, with more vertically stacked ligatures.
- ^ This letter acts as rakar (Template:Script/Kaithi) diacritic when it is second in a conjunct.
- ^ a b This letter lacks ligated forms as the initial consonant in both Unicode and in Grierson's Plate III.
- ^ a b c d e f This retroflex letter lacks ligated forms as the initial consonant in both Unicode and in Grierson's Plate III.
- ^ This letter acts as repha (Template:Script/Kaithi) diacritic when it is first in a conjunct.
- ^ This letter lacks ligated forms in Unicode, but has half-stacked ligated forms in Grierson's Plate III.
- ^ This letter acts as rakar (Template:Script/Kaithi) diacritic when it is second in a conjunct.
Vowel diacritics
The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants. The vowel diacritics on consonants are called kakahārā (𑂍𑂍𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰).
| ् | 𑂃 | 𑂄 | 𑂅 | 𑂆 | 𑂇 | 𑂈 | 𑂉 | 𑂊 | 𑂋 | 𑂌 | 𑂃𑂁 | 𑂃𑂂 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑂍𑂹 | 𑂍 | 𑂍𑂰 | 𑂍𑂱 | 𑂍𑂲 | 𑂍𑂳 | 𑂍𑂴 | 𑂍𑂵 | 𑂍𑂶 | 𑂍𑂷 | 𑂍𑂸 | 𑂍𑂁 | 𑂍𑂂 |
| 𑂎𑂹 | 𑂎 | 𑂎𑂰 | 𑂎𑂱 | 𑂎𑂲 | 𑂎𑂳 | 𑂎𑂴 | 𑂎𑂵 | 𑂎𑂶 | 𑂎𑂷 | 𑂎𑂸 | 𑂎𑂁 | 𑂎𑂂 |
| 𑂏𑂹 | 𑂏 | 𑂏𑂰 | 𑂏𑂱 | 𑂏𑂲 | 𑂏𑂳 | 𑂏𑂴 | 𑂏𑂵 | 𑂏𑂶 | 𑂏𑂷 | 𑂏𑂸 | 𑂏𑂁 | 𑂏𑂂 |
| 𑂐𑂹 | 𑂐 | 𑂐𑂰 | 𑂐𑂱 | 𑂐𑂲 | 𑂐𑂳 | 𑂐𑂴 | 𑂐𑂵 | 𑂐𑂶 | 𑂐𑂷 | 𑂐𑂸 | 𑂐𑂁 | 𑂐𑂂 |
| 𑂑 𑂹 | 𑂑 | 𑂑𑂰 | 𑂑𑂱 | 𑂑𑂲 | 𑂑𑂳 | 𑂑𑂴 | 𑂑𑂵 | 𑂑𑂶 | 𑂑𑂷 | 𑂑𑂸 | 𑂑𑂁 | 𑂑𑂂 |
| 𑂒𑂹 | 𑂒 | 𑂒𑂰 | 𑂒𑂱 | 𑂒𑂲 | 𑂒𑂳 | 𑂒𑂴 | 𑂒𑂵 | 𑂒𑂶 | 𑂒𑂷 | 𑂒𑂸 | 𑂒𑂁 | 𑂒𑂂 |
| 𑂓𑂹 | 𑂓 | 𑂓𑂰 | 𑂓𑂱 | 𑂓𑂲 | 𑂓𑂳 | 𑂓𑂴 | 𑂓𑂵 | 𑂓𑂶 | 𑂓𑂷 | 𑂓𑂸 | 𑂓𑂁 | 𑂓𑂂 |
| 𑂔𑂹 | 𑂔 | 𑂔𑂰 | 𑂔𑂱 | 𑂔𑂲 | 𑂔𑂳 | 𑂔𑂴 | 𑂔𑂵 | 𑂔𑂶 | 𑂔𑂷 | 𑂔𑂸 | 𑂔𑂁 | 𑂔𑂂 |
| 𑂕𑂹 | 𑂕 | 𑂕𑂰 | 𑂕𑂱 | 𑂕𑂲 | 𑂕𑂳 | 𑂕𑂴 | 𑂕𑂵 | 𑂕𑂶 | 𑂕𑂷 | 𑂕𑂸 | 𑂕𑂁 | 𑂕𑂂 |
| 𑂖𑂹 | 𑂖 | 𑂖𑂰 | 𑂖𑂱 | 𑂖𑂲 | 𑂖𑂳 | 𑂖𑂴 | 𑂖𑂵 | 𑂖𑂶 | 𑂖𑂷 | 𑂖𑂸 | 𑂖𑂁 | 𑂖𑂂 |
| 𑂗 𑂹 | 𑂗 | 𑂗𑂰 | 𑂗𑂱 | 𑂗𑂲 | 𑂗𑂳 | 𑂗𑂴 | 𑂗𑂵 | 𑂗𑂶 | 𑂗𑂷 | 𑂗𑂸 | 𑂗𑂁 | 𑂗𑂂 |
| 𑂘𑂹 | 𑂘 | 𑂘𑂰 | 𑂘𑂱 | 𑂘𑂲 | 𑂘𑂳 | 𑂘𑂴 | 𑂘𑂵 | 𑂘𑂶 | 𑂘𑂷 | 𑂘𑂸 | 𑂘𑂁 | 𑂘𑂂 |
| 𑂙𑂹 | 𑂙 | 𑂙𑂰 | 𑂙𑂱 | 𑂙𑂲 | 𑂙𑂳 | 𑂙𑂴 | 𑂙𑂵 | 𑂙𑂶 | 𑂙𑂷 | 𑂙𑂸 | 𑂙𑂁 | 𑂙𑂂 |
| 𑂛𑂹 | 𑂛 | 𑂛𑂰 | 𑂛𑂱 | 𑂛𑂲 | 𑂛𑂳 | 𑂛𑂴 | 𑂛𑂵 | 𑂛𑂶 | 𑂛𑂷 | 𑂛𑂸 | 𑂛𑂁 | 𑂛𑂂 |
| 𑂝𑂹 | 𑂝 | 𑂝𑂰 | 𑂝𑂱 | 𑂝𑂲 | 𑂝𑂳 | 𑂝𑂴 | 𑂝𑂵 | 𑂝𑂶 | 𑂝𑂷 | 𑂝𑂸 | 𑂝𑂁 | 𑂝𑂂 |
| 𑂞𑂹 | 𑂞 | 𑂞𑂰 | 𑂞𑂱 | 𑂞𑂲 | 𑂞𑂳 | 𑂞𑂴 | 𑂞𑂵 | 𑂞𑂶 | 𑂞𑂷 | 𑂞𑂸 | 𑂞𑂁 | 𑂞𑂂 |
| 𑂟𑂹 | 𑂟 | 𑂟𑂰 | 𑂟𑂱 | 𑂟𑂲 | 𑂟𑂳 | 𑂟𑂴 | 𑂟𑂵 | 𑂟𑂶 | 𑂟𑂷 | 𑂟𑂸 | 𑂟𑂁 | 𑂟𑂂 |
| 𑂠𑂹 | 𑂠 | 𑂠𑂰 | 𑂠𑂱 | 𑂠𑂲 | 𑂠𑂳 | 𑂠𑂴 | 𑂠𑂵 | 𑂠𑂶 | 𑂠𑂷 | 𑂠𑂸 | 𑂠𑂁 | 𑂠𑂂 |
| 𑂡𑂹 | 𑂡 | 𑂡𑂰 | 𑂡𑂱 | 𑂡𑂲 | 𑂡𑂳 | 𑂡𑂴 | 𑂡𑂵 | 𑂡𑂶 | 𑂡𑂷 | 𑂡𑂸 | 𑂡𑂁 | 𑂡𑂂 |
| 𑂢𑂹 | 𑂢 | 𑂢𑂰 | 𑂢𑂱 | 𑂢𑂲 | 𑂢𑂳 | 𑂢𑂴 | 𑂢𑂵 | 𑂢𑂶 | 𑂢𑂷 | 𑂢𑂸 | 𑂢𑂁 | 𑂢𑂂 |
| 𑂣𑂹 | 𑂣 | 𑂣𑂰 | 𑂣𑂱 | 𑂣𑂲 | 𑂣𑂳 | 𑂣𑂴 | 𑂣𑂵 | 𑂣𑂶 | 𑂣𑂷 | 𑂣𑂸 | 𑂣𑂁 | 𑂣𑂂 |
| 𑂤𑂹 | 𑂤 | 𑂤𑂰 | 𑂤𑂱 | 𑂤𑂲 | 𑂤𑂳 | 𑂤𑂴 | 𑂤𑂵 | 𑂤𑂶 | 𑂤𑂷 | 𑂤𑂸 | 𑂤𑂁 | 𑂤𑂂 |
| 𑂥𑂹 | 𑂥 | 𑂥𑂰 | 𑂥𑂱 | 𑂥𑂲 | 𑂥𑂳 | 𑂥𑂴 | 𑂥𑂵 | 𑂥𑂶 | 𑂥𑂷 | 𑂥𑂸 | 𑂥𑂁 | 𑂥𑂂 |
| 𑂦𑂹 | 𑂦 | 𑂦𑂰 | 𑂦𑂱 | 𑂦𑂲 | 𑂦𑂳 | 𑂦𑂴 | 𑂦𑂵 | 𑂦𑂶 | 𑂦𑂷 | 𑂦𑂸 | 𑂦𑂁 | 𑂦𑂂 |
| 𑂧𑂹 | 𑂧 | 𑂧𑂰 | 𑂧𑂱 | 𑂧𑂲 | 𑂧𑂳 | 𑂧𑂴 | 𑂧𑂵 | 𑂧𑂶 | 𑂧𑂷 | 𑂧𑂸 | 𑂧𑂁 | 𑂧𑂂 |
| 𑂨𑂹 | 𑂨 | 𑂨𑂰 | 𑂨𑂱 | 𑂨𑂲 | 𑂨𑂳 | 𑂨𑂴 | 𑂨𑂵 | 𑂨𑂶 | 𑂨𑂷 | 𑂨𑂸 | 𑂨𑂁 | 𑂨𑂂 |
| 𑂩𑂹 | 𑂩 | 𑂩𑂰 | 𑂩𑂱 | 𑂩𑂲 | 𑂩𑂳 | 𑂩𑂴 | 𑂩𑂵 | 𑂩𑂶 | 𑂩𑂷 | 𑂩𑂸 | 𑂩𑂁 | 𑂩𑂂 |
| 𑂪𑂹 | 𑂪 | 𑂪𑂰 | 𑂪𑂱 | 𑂪𑂲 | 𑂪𑂳 | 𑂪𑂴 | 𑂪𑂵 | 𑂪𑂶 | 𑂪𑂷 | 𑂪𑂸 | 𑂪𑂁 | 𑂪𑂂 |
| 𑂫𑂹 | 𑂫 | 𑂫𑂰 | 𑂫𑂱 | 𑂫𑂲 | 𑂫𑂳 | 𑂫𑂴 | 𑂫𑂵 | 𑂫𑂶 | 𑂫𑂷 | 𑂫𑂸 | 𑂫𑂁 | 𑂫𑂂 |
| 𑂬𑂹 | 𑂬 | 𑂬𑂰 | 𑂬𑂱 | 𑂬𑂲 | 𑂬𑂳 | 𑂬𑂴 | 𑂬𑂵 | 𑂬𑂶 | 𑂬𑂷 | 𑂬𑂸 | 𑂬𑂁 | 𑂬𑂂 |
| 𑂭𑂹 | 𑂭 | 𑂭𑂰 | 𑂭𑂱 | 𑂭𑂲 | 𑂭𑂳 | 𑂭𑂴 | 𑂭𑂵 | 𑂭𑂶 | 𑂭𑂷 | 𑂭𑂸 | 𑂭𑂁 | 𑂭𑂂 |
| 𑂮𑂹 | 𑂮 | 𑂮𑂰 | 𑂮𑂱 | 𑂮𑂲 | 𑂮𑂳 | 𑂮𑂴 | 𑂮𑂵 | 𑂮𑂶 | 𑂮𑂷 | 𑂮𑂸 | 𑂮𑂁 | 𑂮𑂂 |
| 𑂯𑂹 | 𑂯 | 𑂯𑂰 | 𑂯𑂱 | 𑂯𑂲 | 𑂯𑂳 | 𑂯𑂴 | 𑂯𑂵 | 𑂯𑂶 | 𑂯𑂷 | 𑂯𑂸 | 𑂯𑂁 | 𑂯𑂂 |
Signs and punctuation
Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:
| Sign | Description |
|---|---|
| Template:Script/Kaithi | The abbreviation sign is one method of representing abbreviations in Kaithi.[3] For example, Template:Script/Kaithi can be abbreviated as Template:Script/Kaithi.[3] |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | The number sign is used with digits for enumerated lists and numerical sequences.[3] It can appear above, below, or before a digit or sequence of digits.[3] For example, Template:Script/Kaithi. |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | The enumeration sign is a spacing version of the number sign.[9] It always appears before a digit or sequence of digits (never above or below). |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | The section sign indicates the end of a sentence.[9] |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | The double section sign indicates the end of a larger section of text, such as a paragraph.[9] |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | Danda is a Kaithi-specific danda, which can mark the end of a sentence or line. |
| Template:Script/Kaithi | Double danda is a Kaithi-specific double danda. |
General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:
- Template:Script/Kaithi plus sign can be used to mark phrase boundaries
- Template:Script/Kaithi hyphen and Template:Script/Kaithi hyphen-minus can be used for hyphenation
- Template:Script/Kaithi word separator middle dot can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)
Numerals
Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devanagari numeral. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.[9]
Sample text
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in various languages using the Kaithi script:
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Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[11]
Bhojpuri in Kaithi Script
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Magadhi in Kaithi Script
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Maithili in Kaithi Script
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Angika in Kaithi Script
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Hindi in Kaithi Script
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Unicode
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Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF:
Publications
The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar Samāchar was published in this script in 1915.[17]
See also
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."'काइते लिपि' पढ्दै 'हातकलमी' बाजे". ekantipur.com (in नेपाली). Retrieved 23 August 2025.
- ^ King, Christopher R. 1995. One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pandey, Anshuman (6 May 2008). "L2/08-194: Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tamot, Kashinath (2017). "नेपालमा प्रचलित लिपिको परिचय (Nepalma Prachalit Lipiko Parichaya)". Internet Archive. p. 11. Retrieved 6 February 2026.
- ^ Rai, Alok. "Hindi Nationalism", p. 13
- ^ General Report on Public Instruction in the Bengal Presidency, p. 103.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rai, Alok (2007). Hindi Nationalism (Reprint ed.). London: Sangam Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-250-1979-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."कहीं पन्नों में दफन न हो जाए कैथी". inextlive (in हिन्दी). 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Unicode Standard, Chapter 15.2: Kaithi" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thakur, Gopal (2020). A Grammar of Bhojpuri. p. 82.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (PDF). OHCHR.org. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bhojpuri" [𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂫𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂫𑂦𑂸𑂧 𑂐𑂷𑂭𑂝𑂰] (PDF) (in भोजपुरी). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Magadhi" [मानवाधिकार के लेल सयुक्त राष्ट्र उच्वायुक्त] (PDF). OHCHR.org (in मगही). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Maithili" [𑒧𑒰𑒢𑒫 𑒁𑒡𑒱 𑒏𑒰𑒩𑒏 𑒮𑒰𑒫𑒫𑒦𑒾𑒧 𑒒𑒼𑒭𑒝𑒰] (PDF). OHCHR.org (in मैथिली). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Angika language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Hindi" [मानव अधिकारों की सार्वभौम घोषणा] (PDF). OHCHR.org (in हिन्दी). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2004.
Sources
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grierson, George Abraham (1881). A Handbook to the Kayathi Character. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. Retrieved 22 February 2026 – via HathiTrust.
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