Khotons

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Khoton
Regions with significant populations
Template:Flagcountry12,057 (2020)[1]
Template:Flagcountry1,200 (2004)[2][needs update]Template:DMCA
Languages
Oirat, historically Uyghur (Khoton)
Religion
Sunni Islam (which includes elements of Buddhism and Shamanism)[3]
Related ethnic groups
Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Huis, Dörbets

The Khoton or Qotung[4] people (Template:Langx) are a Mongolian-speaking ethnic group in (Outer) Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.[5][2] Most Mongolian Khotons live in Uvs Province in western Mongolia. In China, the Khotons (often called Qotungs) live in Inner Mongolia, concentrated in Alxa League and are classified as ethnic Mongols. They speak the Dörbet or Alasha dialect of the Oirat language.[6] According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, modern Khoton people are a part of the "Mongols — a group of peoples who speak Mongolian languages".[7]

Demography

In Mongolia, most Khotons live in Uvs Province, especially in Tarialan, Naranbulag and Ulaangom. There were officially about 6,100 Khotons in 1989.[8] In 2020, there were around 12,057 Khotons in Mongolia.[9]

According to a 2014 estimate from The Mongolian Muslim Association, there are approximately 20,000 Khotons residing primarily in the province of Uvs.[10]

The Khotons of Inner Mongolia reside in Alxa League, mainly in Alxa Left Banner. Some also live in Bayannuur. A 2004 study reported that Khoton informants estimated their total population to be about 1,200.[2]Page Module:Historical populations/styles.css has no content.

Historical population in Mongolia
YearPop.±%
1956 2,603—    
1963 2,874+10.4%
1969 4,056+41.1%
1979 4,380+8.0%
1989 6,076+38.7%
2000 9,014+48.4%
2010 11,304+25.4%
2020 12,057+6.7%
Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia[citation needed]

History

Khoton, Khotong or Qotung was originally a Mongol term for Muslim Uyghur and Hui people, or Chinese language-speaking Muslims.[8] However, while the term historically included multiple groups, modern research indicates that the Khotons are not directly related to the Hui people. Instead, the Khotons have distinct origins, being primarily descendants of Turkic peoples brought to Mongolia by the Oirats or who migrated there during historical conflicts, particularly during the 17th and 18th centuries.[11]

The Khotons were settled in Mongolia by the Oirats when the latter conquered Xinjiang and took their city-dwelling ancestors to Mongolia. According to another version, they settled in Mongolia after 1753, when their leader, the Dörbet Prince Tseren Ubashi, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.[8] The Khotons soon adapted and assimilated Mongolian or Oirat culture and speech.[8] According to some scholars, the Khotons can be considered Mongolized Uyghurs as a result.[12]

The Khotons of Inner Mongolia that reside in Alxa League are considered to be descended of Turkic peoples originally from Hami, Xinjiang, who later adopted and assimilated into local Mongol culture.[2] Most scholars believe that the ancestors of the Khotons were brought to the area around the 18th century or earlier as captives from Xinjiang after the prince of the Alasha Mongols returned from fighting the Dzungars.[13] According to local tradition, the ancestors of the Khotons arrived in the area in the late 17th century as merchants and eventually settled and assimilated with the Alasha Mongols.[2] Occasional later migrants from Xinjiang and some Hui from nearby regions who were incorporated into the Khotons helped to maintain and increase their community.[2][13]

Culture

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Unlike most Mongolians, Khotons follow a form of Islam that has Buddhist and traditional elements (like Tengrism).[14][15][8] They traditionally avoid intermarriage with other ethnic groups and tend to avoid mainstream Mongolian written culture.[8]

In Inner Mongolia, many Khotons are pastoral nomads though in recent times, an increasing amount are now settled.[2]

Language

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Khotons used to speak the Khoton language (a dialect of the Uyghur language). The language became extinct around the 19th century.[16] Once settled in Mongolia, the Khotons adopted the Script error: No such module "Lang". or northern dialect of Oirat.[17][14][8] In Inner Mongolia, the Khotons speak the Alasha dialect of Oirat.[2]

Notable Figures

Bibliography

  • Fosse, Magdalena (1979). The Khotons of Western Mongolia.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ҮСХ - Үндэсний статистикийн хороо".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Haiying, Yang (2004). "Between Islam and Mongols: The Qotung People in Inner Mongolia, China". Inner Asia. 6 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1163/146481704793647252. ISSN 1464-8172.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Донгак А. С. (2019). "Культ умерших предков в традиционной обрядности хотонов Западной Монголии" (in русский) (Тенгрианство и эпическое наследие народов Евразии: истоки и современность ed.): 105–108. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Congress, The Library of. "Khoton (Mongolian people) - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
  5. ^ James Stuart Olson, (1998), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China, p. 179
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Finke, Peter (1999). "The Kazaks of western Mongolia". In Svanberg, Ingvar (ed.). Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives. London: Curzon. p. 109. ISBN 0-7007-1115-5.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Монголы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru (in русский). Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Congress, The Library of. "Christopher Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, c. 2004". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-29. Khotong was originally the Mongol designation for Muslim oases dwellers and in Inner Mongolia designates the Hui or Chinese-speaking Muslims
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Статистикийн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн сан". www.1212.mn. Retrieved 2025-05-28.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mongolia-2014" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sanders, Alan J.K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 386. ISBN 9780810874527.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sanders, Alan J.K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 386. ISBN 9780810874527.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.White, Thomas (2021), "Religion, Nationality, and "Camel Culture" among the Muslim Mongol Pastoralists of Inner Mongolia", Ethnographies of Islam in China, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 75–77, doi:10.2307/j.ctv16t66pq.6, ISBN 978-0-8248-8643-1, retrieved 2024-06-01{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cope, Tim (2013). On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Lands of the Nomads. Bloomsbury. p. 72. ISBN 9781608190720.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moses, Larry W. (1967). "Ts. Zhamtsarano KHOTONS: THE MUSLIMS OF MONGOLIA". The Mongolia Society Bulletin. 6 (1 (11)): 11–14. ISSN 0026-9654.
  16. ^ Finke, Peter (1999). "The Kazaks of western Mongolia". In Svanberg, Ingvar (ed.). Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives. London: Curzon. p. 109. Template:ISBN.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wurm, Stephen A.; Muhlhausler, Peter, eds. (2011). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Walter de Gruyter. p. 910. ISBN 9783110819724.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.News.MN (2016-10-04). "Д.Сумъяагийн хотон гоёл | News.MN". News.MN - Мэдээллийн эх сурвалж (in монгол). Archived from the original on 2025-10-11. Retrieved 2025-10-11.

Further reading

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