Lendu language
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| Lendu | |
|---|---|
| Balendru | |
| Native to | Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Ethnicity | Lendu, Hema, Alur, Okebu |
Native speakers | (760,000, including Ndrulo cited 1996)[1] |
Nilo-Saharan?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | led |
| Glottolog | lend1245 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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The Lendu language is a Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru, an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest of Lake Albert, specifically the Ituri Province. It is one of the most populous of the Central Sudanic languages. There are three-quarters of a million Lendu speakers in the DRC. A conflict between the Lendu and the Hema was the basis of the Ituri conflict.[2]
Besides the Balendru, Lendu is spoken as a native language by a portion of the Hema, Alur, and Okebu. In Uganda, the Lendu tribe live in the districts of Nebbi and Zombo districts, northwest of Lake Albert.[citation needed]
Names
Ethnologue gives Bbadha as an alternate name of Lendu, but Blench (2000) lists Badha as a distinct language. A draft listing of Nilo-Saharan languages, available from his website and dated 2012, lists Lendu/Badha.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Open | a |
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | k͡p | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ɟ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||||
| vl. implosive | ɓ̥ | ɗ̥ | ʄ̊ | ||||||
| vd. implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | h | |||
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | |||||
| prenasal | ⁿz | ||||||||
| Rhotic | r | ɽ | |||||||
| Approximant | plain | l | j | w | |||||
| glottalized | ʼw | ||||||||
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is mainly heard as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". when preceding velar consonants.
Implosives
Demolin (1995)[3] posits that Lendu has voiceless implosives, Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".). However, Goyvaerts (1988)[4] had described these as creaky-voiced implosives Script error: No such module "IPA"., as in Hausa, contrasting with a series of modally voiced implosives Script error: No such module "IPA". as in Kalabari, and Ladefoged judges that this seems to be a more accurate description.[5]
Grammar
Like many Central Sudanic languages, Lendu:
- Uses tone distinctions
- Has noun class-like system
- Uses agglutinative morphology
- Follows Subject- Verb- Object word order
Writing system
Lendu is primarily an oral language, though:
- latin- based orthographies have been developed
- Religious and educational materials exist
- Bible translations have been produced
Sociolinguistic status
- Language vitality: Vigorous
- Main usage: Rural communities
- Written materials: Limited but growing
- Education use: Minimal
See also
References
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- ^ Lendu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Lendu people". www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- ^ Demolin, Didier. 1995. The phonetics and phonology of glottalized consonants in Lendu. In Connell, Bruce and Arvaniti, Amalia (eds.), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV, 368-385. Cambridge Univ. Press.
- ^ Goyvaerts, Didier L. 1988. Glottalized Consonants a New Dimension. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 3. 97-102. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 87–89. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Kutsch-Lojenga, Constance. 1989. The Secret behind Vowelless Syllables in Lendu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 11. 115–126. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
- Tucker, Archibald N. 1940. Lendu. In The Eastern Sudanic Languages: Volume I, 380–418. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Trifkovic, Mirjana. 1977. Tone preserving vowel reduction in Lendu. Studies in African Linguistics 8. 121–125.
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