Ancient Macedonian calendar
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found. The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the 1st millennium Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.BCE. It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total embolimoi (intercalary months) were being added in each 19 year Metonic cycle. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era.
Names
The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of various Greek gods.[1] Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". from Zeus; Script error: No such module "Lang". from Heracles Peritas ("Guardian") ; Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". from Xanthos, "the blond" (probably a reference to Heracles); Script error: No such module "Lang". from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one,[which?] which is also attested in other Greek calendars.[1]
Description
The Macedonian calendar was in essence the Babylonian calendar with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones,[2] and as such it paralleled the Hebrew calendar which is also lunisolar, and was used during the Parthian Empire too. An example of 6th century Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.CE inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus.[3] The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. Script error: No such module "Lang". calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Script error: No such module "Lang". Hellenic.[4] Finally an inscription[5] from Kassandreia of about c. 306–298 Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.BCE bearing a month Script error: No such module "Lang". Athenaion suggests that some cities may have used their own months even after the 4th century Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.BCE Macedonian expansion.
| Order | Greek name(s) | Transliteration | Approximate modern month | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Dios (Zeus) | October | |
| 2 | Ἀπελλαῖος | Apellaios | November | Also a Dorian month – Apellaiōn was a Tenian month |
| 3 | Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". | Audunaios or Audnaios | December | Also a Cretan month |
| 4 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Peritios | January | And festival of the month; Peritia |
| 5 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Dystros | February | |
| 6 | Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xandikos or Xanthikos | March | And festival of the month; Xanthika, purifying the army, Hesych |
| ‡ | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xandikos Embolimos | ‡ | intercalated 6 times over a 19 year cycle |
| 7 | Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". | Artemisios or Artamitios | April | Also a Spartan, Rhodian, and Epidaurian month – Artemisiōn was an Ionic month |
| 8 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Daisios | May | |
| 9 | Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". | Panēmos or Panamos | June | Also an Epidaurian, Miletian, Samian, and Corinthian month |
| 10 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Lōios | July | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Homolōios) was an Aetolian, Boeotian, and Thessalian month |
| 11 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Gorpiaios | August | |
| 12 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Hyperberetaios | September | Hyperberetos was a Cretan month |
| ‡ | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Hyperberetaios Embolimos | ‡ | Intercalated only once over a 19 year cycle |
- ‡ Months marked with a double-dagger include the word embolimos; they were only used occasionally for intercalation during each 19 year calendar cycle, in the manner described in the remarks.
Year numbering
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Years were usually counted from the re-conquest of Seleucus I Nicator of Babylon, which became "year 1". This is equivalent to 312 BCE / 311 BCE in the Anno Domini year count of the modern Gregorian calendar. This practice spread outside the Seleucid Empire and found use in Antigonid Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt, and other major Hellenistic states descended from Alexander's conquests as well. Years can be abbreviated SE, S.E., or occasionally AG (Anno Graecorum).[citation needed]
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). Ancient Macedonia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McLean, Bradley Hudson (2002). An introduction to Greek epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman periods from Alexander the Great down to the reign of Constantine (323 B.C.–337 A.D.). University of Michigan Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-472-11238-8.
- ^ Syria, S. / Arabia – Decapolis – Gerasa (Jerash) – 6th Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.CE Epigraphical Database [1] 531 Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.CE [2]
- ^ Thessalonica – 141–252 Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.CE, last lines [3] [4]
- ^ Makedonia (Chalkidike) – Poteidaia-Kassandreia – c. 306–298 Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.BCE
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.
