Malenadu
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Malenadu
Malnad | |
|---|---|
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| Country | File:Flag of India.svg India |
| State | File:Seal of Karnataka.svgKarnataka |
| Region | Malenadu |
| Taluka | Belagavi District Khanapur Hukkeri Bailahongal Uttara Kannada Sirsi Joida Dandeli Haliyal Yellapur Mundgod Siddapur Shivamogga District Sagara Hosanagara Thirthahalli Soraba Shivamogga Chikkamagaluru District Sringeri Kalasa Koppa Narasimharajapura Mudigere Hassan District Sakleshpur Belur Arkalgud Alur Kodagu District Somwarpet Madikeri Virajpet Kushalanagar Ponnampet Dakshina Kannada Sullia Beltangady |
| Population | Template:Fix comma category |
| • Density | Script error: No such module "ConvertIB". |
| Template:Pluralize from text | Template:Pluralize from text |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Kannada |
| • Regional | Havyaka Kannada Kodava Tulu Konkani Arebhashe |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
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Malenadu (or Malnad) is a geographical region in the state of Karnataka, India. It covers the western and eastern slopes of the Western Ghats mountain range and is roughly Template:Cvt in width. It includes the districts of Uttara Kannada, Shivamogga, Chikkamagaluru, Belagavi, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu.[1] The region experiences heavy annual rainfall of 1,000–3,800 millimetres (39–150 inches); most notably, the village of Agumbe in the region, receives the highest annual rainfall in Karnataka of 10,000 millimetres (390 inches).
This region of the state experiences unique infrastructure challenges due to settlement patterns, sparse population, topography, dense forest, and numerous rivulets. Villages in the Malenadu are scattered throughout remote areas. To encourage development in the area, the Area Development Board was created in 1991 to implement necessary projects.[2]
The districts initially covering the region were Shivamogga, Chikkamagaluru, Uttara Kannada, Kodagu, and Hassan. Agumbe, Chikmagalur, Yana, Dandeli, Sirsi, Yellapur, and the historical region of Banavasi all belong to Malenadu.[3]
Etymology
The origin of the term Malenadu is unclear, as the word Male in Kannada can have two different meanings depending on pronunciation. Malē (without the retroflex 'ḷ') means ‘mountain,’ and when combined with Nadu (‘land’), it gives the meaning ‘mountainous land,’ reflecting the region’s terrain. With the retroflex 'ḷ', however, Maḷē means ‘rain,’ and thus Malenadu also suggests ‘rainy land,’ a fitting description of the region’s high rainfall.[4][5]
Constituencies
Presently, the Development Board operates in part or all of 13 districts of the state, and comprises 65 Assembly constituencies and 61 taluks:
| District | Constituencies |
|---|---|
| Belagavi district | Bailahongal, Belgaum, Hukkeri, Khanapur, Saundatti |
| Chamarajnagar | Chamarajnagar, Gundlupete, Kollegala, Hanuru |
| Chikmagalur | Kadur, Koppa, Chikkamagalur, Mudigere, Narasimharajapur, Shringeri, Tarikere, Ajjampura |
| Dakshina Kannada | Mangaluru, Puttur, Sulya, Bantwal, Belthangadi, Mudubidri, Kadaba |
| Davanagere | Channagiri, Honnali, Nyamathi |
| Dharwad | Kalaghatagi, Alnanavara |
| Hassan | Alur, Arakalagud, Belur, Sakaleshpur |
| Haveri | Hangal, Hirekerur, Rettihalli, Byadagi, Savanur, Shiggaon |
| Kodagu | Madikeri, Somavarpet, Virajpet |
| Mysore | Heggadadevana kote, Hunasur, Periyapattana, Sargur |
| Shivamogga | Bhadravati, Shivamogga, Sagar, Soraba, Hosanagara, Thirthahalli, Shikaripura |
| Udupi | Udupi, Kundapur, Karkala, Brahmavara, Kapu, Byndoor, Hebri |
| Uttara Kannada | Ankola, Bhatkal, Haliyal, Honnavara, Karwar, Kumta, Mundagod, Siddapur, Sirsi, Joida, Yallapur, Dandeli |
Climate and Geography
Terrain
True to its name Malenadu, the region is endowed with abundant hills and plenty of rainfall. The region comprises 13 districts spanning a broadly sub-coastal North-South axis, and is a prominent section of the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats are pivotal to the climate and seasons across India. The Sahyadri ranges (another name of the Western Ghats) block the rain-bearing South-West monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea, resulting in heavy rainfall along the western windward side and coastal Karnataka; and forming a rain shadow region on the eastern leeward side. Hills, heavy rainfall, rich sub-tropical forests and rivers flowing down the mountains are the defining geographical features. Temperatures in Malenadu remain moderate throughout the year. Summer temperatures remain within 35 °C (95 °F). Winters are mild and pleasant, while the monsoon months between June and September are a time of torrential rains, crossing 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in many stations.[6]
Mountain Ranges, Peaks and Waterfalls
Malnad has some of the highest mountain peaks in Karnataka. Mullayyanagiri located in the Chandra Drona ranges of the Western Ghats of Chikmagalur Taluk at a height of 1,925 metres (6,316 ft), is the highest peak in Karnataka. Kodachadri, Kodagu (Coorg) are hill-stations in the region. Kemmannugundi, Kudremukh with distinctive horse-face shape, Kalhattagiri, Rudragiri, and Devaramanagudda[7] are other significant mountain peaks also known for their scenic treks across high grasslands.
Apart from the well-known Jog Falls (Gersoppa), Mallalli Falls in the Pushpagiri range, Mookanamane Falls (or Mookana Mane Falls) near Sakleshpur, Abbey Falls near Madikeri in Coorg, Chelavara Falls (also called Embepare): near the Tadiandamol Peak, Irupu Falls in the Brahmagiri range, Unchalli Falls, (or Lushington Falls, or Keppa Joga) near Sirsi, the spectacular 200 ft Magod Falls near Yallapur, Devaragundi Falls near Thodikana, Jhari Falls (Buttermilk Falls) and the Hebbe Falls in Chikmagalur, and Kapilatirtha are some of the other known and visited waterfalls in Malnad.
Rivers and Groundwater
The dense forests and hill ranges of Malenadu region are vital for water security, serving as natural sponges, absorbing the monsoon precipitation, and for months beyond the season, steadily feeding major rivers like the Sharavathi, Tunga, Bhadra, Yagachi, Hemavati and Netravathi, which support hydroelectric power projects and provide irrigation and drinking water across Karnataka.[8]
Rainfall
The Western Ghats acts as the rain barrier during south-west monsoon season. This region is one of the wettest regions in the world, with some rainfall measurements of over 7,000 mm (280 in).
| Rank | Hobli / Village | District | Taluk | Year | Rainfall (mm) | Elevation (metres) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amagaon | Belgaum district | Khanapur | 2010 | 10,068 | 785 |
| 2 | Mundrote | Kodagu district | Madikeri | 2011 | 9,974 | 585 |
| 3 | Hulikal | Shimoga district | Hosanagara | 2013 | 9,383 | 614 |
| 4 | Agumbe | Shimoga district | Thirthahalli | 2013 | 8,770 | 643 |
| 5 | Kokalli / Kakalli | Uttara Kannada | Sirsi | 2014 | 8,746 | 780 |
Biodiversity
Abundant water, favourable soil and climate conditions, and limited human interaction have endowed the Malnad region with rich biodiversity comprising hundreds of endemic species of flora and fauna. The natural habitats of the region such as the Kudremukh National Park, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary play a crucial role in the conservation of several endangered species. These protected areas are home to tigers, leopards, elephants, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, hornbills, king cobras, as well as countless other plant species. New species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,[17] insects, plants,[18] lichens[19] and fungi[20] keep getting discovered by field biology researchers. It is not without reason that the Western Ghats is among the eight hottest of biodiversity hotspots in the world.[21]
Responding to the urgency of conservation of endangered riverine fish species like mahseer, haragi, gar, beril, setnai barb, glassy fish and killifish, the Karnataka Biodiversity Board in 2020 recommended setting up fish sanctuaries, or matsyadhamas in numerous riverbeds in Malnad.[22]
Anthropogenic Threats and Challenges
Like everywhere else on Earth, climate change is causing noticeable and erratic variations in rainfall and temperature patterns in Malenadu. Apart from the now unavoidable climatic uncertainties, the Malnad region faces major short-term and long-term anthropogenic threats despite, or perhaps due to, its rich natural wealth.
Agricultural Practices
Organised agriculture is known to be practised on land parcels reclaimed from forest clearings for a thousand years.[23] Recent inclination towards intensive plantations, overuse of chemical inputs in farming and monocropping have led to degradation of soil, loss of fertility as well as a far-reaching negative impact on local agro-biodiversity and food-webs.
Development Projects
Sharavathi Pumped Storage Project is a ₹10,240 crore (US$1.1 billion) infrastructure initiative proposed by the Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL), claimed to generate 2,000 MW of renewable energy by storing and releasing water between two existing reservoirs to balance grid loads. The project critically threatens the region's biodiversity, especially the habitat of the endangered Lion-Tailed Macaque. The Karnataka government’s move to proceed with the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Project without securing full environmental and forest clearances has prompted strong opposition from environmentalists and local communities.[24] It is alleged by litigant individuals and organisations that the project has progressed without the requisite consent from the Union ministry of environment, forest and climate change and National Wildlife Board, and that the acquisition of lands necessary for the project remains unresolved.[25] Mapping Malnad, a Bengaluru-based non-governmental organisation, published an elaborate citizen research report[26] on the project, claiming that the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project by KPCL is progressing based on inadequate, misleading, and flawed data, raising serious concerns such as the underreporting of forest land diversion and potential ecological impacts.[27]
As much as large-scale road and energy infrastructure projects, the growing number of casual visitors, tourists in or near ecologically fragile regions such as pristine waterfalls, deep forests and mountainous grasslands is exerting a strain on the delicate ecology of the region. State supported encouragement to tourism[28] is often limited by dangerous terrain,[29] inadequate infrastructure like roads, bridges, lack of safety measures and waste management. There are simultaneous efforts and calls by individuals and environment organisations for caution and restraint.[30] A social media content creator met with a fatal fall in the Western Ghats in July 2024.[31] While some incidents make their way to the news, many more accidents go unreported due to the remote location of most waterfalls.[32]
Development Projects in Malnad Region
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malenadu in Karnataka - malenadu". 26 January 2026. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Economic Survey of Karnataka 2018-19; page 702" (PDF). Govt. of Karnataka. February 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malenadu in Karnataka - malenadu". 26 January 2026. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Figure A2.b. Share of male teachers and male graduates at upper secondary level, general programmes (2014)". doi.org. doi:10.1787/888933396728. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malenadu in Karnataka – The Rain-Fed Heartland of the Western Ghats". malenadu.com. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malenadu natural produce". Malenadu Natural Producer Company website. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Trekking in Malnad Region in the Western Ghats of Karnataka". Travel Malnad. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Karnataka Vision - Main Rivers and Dams of Karnataka". karnatakavision.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rainfall Statistics for Kokalli (Ajjimane)" (PDF). DES Karnataka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rainfall Statistics for Amagaon" (PDF). DES Karnataka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rainfall Statistics for Mundrote" (PDF). DES Karnataka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rainfall Statistics for Agumbe and Hulikal" (PDF). DES karnataka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Hulikal in Shimoga district is wettest in State from TheHindu.com accessed 23 March 2013
- ^ Amagaon received over 10,000 mm annual rainfall twice between 2006 and 2010. The exact amount of rainfall is not available. See Amagaon is now Cherrapunji of South from DeccanHerald.com (accessed 23 March 2013).
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Govt of Karnataka Rainfall Statistics (Kokalli)" (PDF). DES. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka". DES Karnataka. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.T V, Padma (18 March 2019). "New Frog Species Discovered In Biodiversity-Rich Western Ghats". Mongabay India. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Page, Navendu (15 February 2016). "New Plant Species Discovered In Western Ghats". Nature India. doi:10.1038/nindia.2016.23. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."New Lichen species reveals ancient symbiosis in the Western Ghats". Dept of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 18 July 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Unveiling Hidden Diversity in Aspergillus Section Nigri by Indian scientists: Introducing two new species from the Western Ghats, India". PIB Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India. 10 September 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Western Ghats". UNESCO - World Heritage Conservation. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Karnataka Biodiversity Board Recommends 15 More Locations On Rivers In Malnad As Matsyadhamas". Coastal Digest. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Agriculture in Karnataka". Govt. Of Karnataka Official Website. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sutar, Asmita (July 2025). "Sharavathi pumped storage project stirs debate over ecological impacts in Karnataka". Land Conflict Watch. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coovercolly, Indresh (8 March 2024). "Concerns raised over rushed tender process for Rs 8,005 crore Sharavathi pumped storage project in Karnataka". Down To Earth. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gowda, Nirmala (19 May 2025). "Western Ghats Is NOT a Power Plant". Mapping Malnad. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prasher, Garima (20 May 2025). "Western Ghats under direct threat from Sharavathi project: Report". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malnad Region Tour Package". Tourism Dept of Tourism. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Heavy Rain Causes Floods, Landslides, Accidents in Malnad Region". The Times Of India. 15 June 2025. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mookanamane Waterfalls: Hidden amidst pristine forests of Malnad, Karnataka". Be On The Road - a traveller from India.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zargar, Arshad R. (18 July 2024). "Social media content creator Aanvi Kamdar dies in fall at India's poplar Kumbhe waterfall". CBS News. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Waterfall Accident: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Waterfall Accident - NDTV.COM". www.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
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