Althaea officinalis

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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms[1]

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File:Althea officinalis flor.jpg
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)

Althaea officinalis, the marsh mallow[2] or marshmallow,[3] is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant.

Description

This herbaceous perennial grows to 180 cm (6 ft) tall and puts out only a few lateral branches. The whole plant is softly stellate-hairy, especially the leaves, which are broadly triangular to oval, often with 3–5 shallow lobes, irregularly toothed, with cordate to cuneate bases. Leaf size varies considerably, up to 100 mm (4 in) long, and 75 mm (3 in) wide. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, with no stipules, on petioles up to 45 mm (1.75 in).[4][5]

The inflorescences occur in the leaf axils and at the top of the stem and consist of panicles of 1-many flowers. The flowers are actinomorphic with 5 lilac/pink petals up to Template:Cvt long and 5 green sepals which are much shorter than the petals, and fused at the base. Below the petals is a cup-shaped epicalyx with 6–9 narrow, triangular lobes, half the length of the sepals. The purple stamens are united into a tube, the anthers kidney-shaped and one-celled. There is one style which protrudes above the stamen tube.[6][7]

The flowers are in bloom during August and September, and are followed, as in other species of this order, by the flat, round fruit which are popularly called "cheeses". The whole fruit is a schizocarp, about Template:Cvt in diameter, which splits into about 20 kidney-shaped mericarps (seeds) about Template:Cvt long.[6]

The common mallow is frequently called "marsh mallow" in colloquial terms, but the true marsh mallow is distinguished from all the other mallows growing in Great Britain by the numerous divisions of the outer calyx (six to nine cleft), by the hoary down which thickly clothes the stems and foliage, and by the numerous panicles of blush-coloured flowers, paler than the common mallow. The roots are perennial, thick, long and tapering, very tough and pliant, whitish yellow outside, white and fibrous within.

Phytochemicals

Chemical constituents include altheahexacosanyl lactone (n-hexacos-2-enyl-1,5-olide), 2β-hydroxycalamene (altheacalamene) and altheacoumarin glucoside (5,6-dihydroxycoumarin-5-dodecanoate-6β-D-glucopyranoside), along with the known phytoconstituents lauric acid, β-sitosterol and lanosterol.[8]

Uses

Ornamental

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Marshmallows are used in gardening as ornamental plants.

Herbal medicine

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Marshmallow roots

The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis (marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), meaning "to heal".[9][10][11] The Latin specific epithet officinalis indicates plants with some culinary or medicinal value.[12]

Marshmallow is traditionally used as relief for irritation of mucous membranes,[13] including use as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcers and gastric ulcers.[14][15]

Culinary

The young leaves can be cooked. The flower buds can be pickled.[16] When boiled first and fried with onions and butter, the roots are said to form a palatable dish.[17] The roots can also be peeled, sliced, boiled and sweetened to make candy. Water used to boil any part of the plant can be used as an egg white substitute.[16]

Historically, most of the mallows have been used as food, being mentioned by early classic writers. Mallow was a vegetable among the Romans; a dish of marshmallow was one of their delicacies.

References

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  1. ^ a b Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Althaea officinalis". RHS. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  3. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrap, Simon (2013). Harrap's Wild Flowers. London: Bloomsbury Wildlife. ISBN 978-1-4729-6648-3.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009). The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. Southampton: John Poland. ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crawford, Martin (2012). How to Grow Perennial Vegetables: Low-maintenance, low-impact vegetable gardening. Green Books. ISBN 978-1900322843.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rani, S.; Khan, S.A.; Ali, M. (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Althea officinalis L". Natural Product Research. 24 (14): 1358–1364. doi:10.1080/14786411003650777. PMID 20803381. S2CID 2114777.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simonetti, Gualtiero (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.
  10. ^ Template:LSJ.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harper, Douglas. "marshmallow". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cavero, R (2 December 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.003. PMID 25311273.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."John S. Williamson & Christy M. Wyandt 1997. Herbal therapies: The facts and the fiction. Drug topics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Buso, Piergiacomo; Manfredini, Stefano; Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani, Hamid; Sciabica, Sabrina; Buzzi, Raissa; Vertuani, Silvia; Baldisserotto, Anna (26 February 2020). "Iranian Medicinal Plants: From Ethnomedicine to Actual Studies". Medicina. 56 (3): 5. doi:10.3390/medicina56030097. PMC 7143749. PMID 32110920.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  17. ^ Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 Template:ISBN[full citation needed]

Further reading

Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cavero, R (December 2, 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.003. PMID 25311273.

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