Member states of NATO

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File:NATO members (blue).svg
NATO in 2025

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Of the 32 member countries, 30 are in Europe and 2 are in North America. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative, and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The majority of NATO members are also member states of the European Union.

All members have militaries, except for Iceland, which does not have a typical army (but it does have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth (Spain) joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024.[1] Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary.[2] Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.

NATO recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members as part of their Open Door enlargement policy.[3]

File:NATO 32 Members.png
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  Current members
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  Membership Action Plan
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  Countries seeking membership
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  Countries where membership is not a goal
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  Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

Founding members and enlargement

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[4]

The various allies all signed the Ottawa Agreement,[5] which is a 1951 document that acts to embody civilian oversight of the Alliance.[5][6]

Current membership consists of 32 countries. In addition to the 12 founding countries, four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Additionally, NATO experienced territorial expansion during this period without adding new member states when Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste was annexed by Italy in 1954, and the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany in 1990. NATO further expanded after the Cold War, adding the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia (2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024).[4] Of the territories and members added between 1990 and 2024, all except for Finland and Sweden were either formerly part of the Warsaw Pact (including the formerly Soviet Baltic states) or territories of the former Yugoslavia. No countries have left NATO since its founding, although France withdrew from NATO unified command between 1966 and 2009.

Since the accession of Sweden on 7 March 2024, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization covers a total area of 27,580,492 km2 (10,648,887 sq mi).

List of member states

The current members and their dates of admission are listed below.

Template:Sronly
Flag Map Name Capital Accession[7] PopulationTemplate:UN Population Area[8] Military budget as %GDP 2024[9] GDP 2025 (million US$)[10] Languages
File:Flag of Albania.svg
 File:Albania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Albania Tirana Template:Dts 2,854,710 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.03 28,372 Albanian
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
 File:Belgium on the globe (Europe centered).svg Belgium Brussels Template:Dts[a] 11,611,419 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.30 684,864 Dutch
French
German
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg File:Bulgaria on the globe (Europe centered).svg Bulgaria Sofia Template:Dts 6,885,868 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.18 117,007 Bulgarian
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
 File:Canada on the globe (North America centered).svg Canada Ottawa Template:Dts[a] 38,155,012 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.37 2,225,341 English
French
File:Flag of Croatia.svg File:Croatia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Croatia Zagreb Template:Dts 4,060,135 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.81 98,951 Croatian
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg File:Czech Republic on the globe (Europe centered).svg Czech Republic[b] Prague Template:Dts 10,510,751 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.10 360,244 Czech
File:Flag of Denmark.svg File:Denmark including autonomous territories on the globe (Europe centered).svg Denmark[c] Copenhagen Template:Dts[a] 5,854,240 Script error: No such module "sort".[d] 2.37 449,940 Danish
File:Flag of Estonia.svg File:Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Estonia Tallinn Template:Dts 1,328,701 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.43 45,004 Estonian
File:Flag of Finland.svg File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Finland Helsinki Template:Dts 5,619,399 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.41 303,945 Finnish
Swedish
File:Flag of France.svg File:France on the globe (Europe centered).svg France[e] Paris Template:Dts[a] 64,531,444 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.06 3,211,292 French
File:Flag of Germany.svg File:Germany on the globe (Europe centered).svg Germany[f] Berlin Template:Dts
(West Germany)
Template:Dts
(Germany) 		83,408,554 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.12 4,744,804 German
File:Flag of Greece.svg File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg Greece Athens Template:Dts 10,445,365 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.08 267,348 Greek
File:Flag of Hungary.svg File:Hungary on the globe (Europe centered).svg Hungary Budapest Template:Dts 9,709,786 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.11 237,070 Hungarian
File:Flag of Iceland.svg File:Iceland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Iceland Reykjavík Template:Dts[a] 370,335 Script error: No such module "sort". 0.0 35,309 Icelandic
File:Flag of Italy.svg File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg Italy Rome 59,240,329 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.49 2,422,855 Italian
File:Flag of Latvia.svg File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Latvia Riga Template:Dts 1,873,919 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.15 43,598 Latvian
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Lithuania Vilnius 2,786,651 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.85 89,192 Lithuanian
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg
File:Luxembourg on the globe (Europe centered).svg
 Luxembourg Luxembourg Template:Dts[a] 639,321 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.29 96,613 Luxembourgish
French
German
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg File:Montenegro on the globe (Europe centered).svg Montenegro Podgorica Template:Dts 627,859 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.02 8,562 Montenegrin
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg File:Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg Netherlands[g] Amsterdam Template:Dts[a] 17,501,696 Script error: No such module "sort".[h] 2.05 1,272,011 Dutch
File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg North Macedonia Skopje Template:Dts 2,103,330 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.22 17,885 Macedonian
File:Flag of Norway.svg File:Norway on the globe (Europe centered).svg Norway[i] Oslo Template:Dts[a] 5,403,021 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.20 504,276 Norwegian
File:Flag of Poland.svg File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Poland Warsaw Template:Dts 38,307,726 Script error: No such module "sort". 4.12 979,960 Polish
File:Flag of Portugal.svg File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg Portugal Lisbon Template:Dts[a] 10,290,103 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.55 321,440 Portuguese
File:Flag of Romania.svg File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Romania Bucharest Template:Dts 19,328,560 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.25 403,395 Romanian
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg File:Slovakia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovakia Bratislava 5,447,622 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.0 147,031 Slovak
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg File:Slovenia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovenia Ljubljana 2,119,410 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.29 75,224 Slovene
File:Flag of Spain.svg File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg Spain[j] Madrid Template:Dts 47,486,935 Script error: No such module "sort". 1.28 1,799,511 Spanish
File:Flag of Sweden.svg File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg Sweden Stockholm Template:Dts 10,467,097 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.14 620,297 Swedish
File:Flag of Turkey.svg File:Turkey on the globe (Europe centered).svg Turkey[k] Ankara Template:Dts 84,775,404 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.09 1,437,406 Turkish
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg File:United Kingdom on the globe (Europe centered).svg United Kingdom[l] London Template:Dts[a] 67,281,039 Script error: No such module "sort". 2.33 3,839,180 English
File:Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg File:United States on the globe (North America centered).svg United States[m] Washington, D.C. 336,997,624 Script error: No such module "sort". 3.38 30,507,217

Special arrangements

The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allowed the US to maintain an existing base, Thule Air Base (now Pituffik Space Base), in Greenland.[11]

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism".[12] Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.[13][14]

Membership aspirations

As of March 2024, three additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine.[3]

Withdrawal

No state has ever withdrawn from NATO, but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent:

Military personnel

The following list is constructed from The Military Balance, published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

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Numbers of military personnel
Country[16] Active Reserve Para­mili­tary Total Per 1,000 capita Template:Refh
total active
Albania Albania 5,350 2,100 2,150 9,600 3.1 1.7
Belgium Belgium 23,500 5,900 0 29,400 2.5 2
Bulgaria Bulgaria 36,950 3,000 0 39,950 5.9 5.4
Canada Canada 62,300 29,100 5,800 97,200 2.5 1.6
Croatia Croatia 16,800 21,000 3,000 40,800 9.8 4
Czech Republic Czech Republic 26,600 4,200 0 30,800 2.8 2.5 [17]
Denmark Denmark 13,100 44,200 0 57,300 9.6 2.2
Estonia Estonia 7,100 20,000 21,200 48,300 40.5 5.9
Finland Finland 23,850 233,000 2,900 259,750 46.2 4.2
France France 202,200 38,500 95,100 335,800 4.9 3
Germany Germany 179,850 34,100 0 213,950 2.5 2.1
Greece Greece 132,000 289,000 7,400 428,400 41 12.6
Hungary Hungary 32,150 20,000 0 52,150 5.3 3.3
Iceland Iceland 0 0 250 250 0.7 0
Italy Italy 161,850 14,500 178,600 354,950 5.8 2.7 [n]
Latvia Latvia 7,870 38,000 10,000 55,870 30 4.2 [18]
Lithuania Lithuania 16,100 12,950 18,400 47,450 18.1 6.1
Luxembourg Luxembourg 900 0 600 1,500 2.2 1.3
Montenegro Montenegro 2,710 2,800 4,100 9,610 16 4.5
Netherlands Netherlands 33,650 6,350 6,500 46,500 2.6 1.9
Template:Country data North MacedoniaTemplate:Preview warning North Macedonia 8,000 4,850 7,600 20,450 9.6 3.7
Norway Norway 25,400 40,000 0 65,400 11.9 4.6
Poland Poland 164,100 37,500 14,300 215,900 5.6 4.2
Portugal Portugal 21,500 23,500 22,600 67,600 6.6 2.1
Romania Romania 69,900 55,000 57,000 181,900 10 3.9
Slovakia Slovakia 12,800 0 0 12,800 2.3 2.3
Slovenia Slovenia 6,200 950 0 7,150 3.4 3
Spain Spain 122,200 13,800 80,500 216,500 4.6 2.6
Sweden Sweden 14,850 21,500 0 36,350 3.4 1.4
Turkey Turkey 355,200 378,700 160,800 894,700 10.6 4.2
United Kingdom United Kingdom 141,100 70,450 0 211,550 3.1 2.1
United States United States 1,315,600 797,200 0 2,112,800 6.2 3.8
NATO NATO 3,240,410 2,233,850 688,800 6,163,060 6.3 3.3

Military expenditures

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The defence spending of the United States is more than double the defence spending of all other NATO members combined. (Note that this is total U.S. defense spending, not spending specifically for NATO)[19] Criticism of the fact that many member states were not contributing their fair share in accordance with the international agreement by then US president Donald Trump caused various reactions from American and European political figures, ranging from ridicule to panic.[20][21][22] While NATO members have committed to spending at least 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defence, most of them did not meet that goal in 2023.[23]

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Member state Popu­lation[o] GDP
(nomi­nal)
($billions)[p] 		Defence expenditure (US$)[p] Person­nel[p]
Total
($mil­lions)		 % real GDP Per capita
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 2,872,849 29.89 598 2.00 157 6,600
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 12,055,794 725.00 14,465 2.00 1,085 22,100
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 6,670,476 128.97 2,755 2.14 317 26,600
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 40,086,114 2,282.50 45,562 2.00 1,051 70,900
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 4,026,339 104.04 2,182 2.10 453 13,600
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 10,745,564 388.03 78,194 2.01 574 29,100
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 5,936,566 458.55 15,299 3.34 2,416 18,000
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1,301,740 47.42 1,623 3.42 909 7,800
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 5,712,138 316.95 9,095 2.87 1,497 27,700
File:Flag of France.svg France 67,065,327 3,367.43 68,905 2.05 940 201,700
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 83,982,479 5,042.75 120,747 2.39 1,257 182,300
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 10,186,705 282.57 7,871 2.79 651 104,100
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 9,479,265 247.43 5,130 2.07 416 19,900
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 355,437 38.34 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 60,775,803 2,549.38 51,197 2.01 798 193,700
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 1,760,090 47.70 1,782 3.74 790 8,200
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 2,472,510 94.84 3,797 4.00 1.019 19,000
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 711,892 66.20 1,408 2.13 1.750 1,000
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 632,886 9.18 188 2.05 235 1,700
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 17,494,438 1,329.13 30,498 2.59 1,618 45,100
Template:Country data North Macedonia 2,103,765 18.89 402 2.13 183 6,000
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 5,843,854 518.84 16,598 3.20 3,026 26,700
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 37,912,247 1031.96 44,360 4.30 891 252,900
File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 9,927,058 345.50 6,911 2.00 546 21,500
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 18,362,627 420.57 9,300 2.21 361 69,800
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 5,482,699 153.63 3,162 2.06 480 13,500
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 2,097,913 79.55 1,624 2.04 637 5,900
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 46,141,946 1,897.02 37,940 2.00 691 117,400
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 10,603,412 663.33 16,601 2.50 1,531 25,700
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 93,157,395 1,563.43 36,414 2.33 265 370,300
File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg United Kingdom 70,422,211 4,020.45 92,875 2.31 1,146 126,100
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 345,949,138 30,674.37 980,000 3.19 2,460 1,291,300
File:Flag of NATO.svg NATO 992,328,677 58,943.84 1,637,108 2.77 1,434 3,326,200

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Pew Research Center's 2016 survey among its member states showed that while most countries viewed NATO positively, most NATO members preferred keeping their military spending the same. The response to whether their country should militarily aid another NATO country if it were to get into a serious military conflict with Russia was also mixed. Roughly half or fewer in six of the eight countries surveyed say their country should use military force if Russia attacks a neighboring country that is a NATO ally. And at least half in three of the eight NATO countries say that their government should not use military force in such circumstances. The strongest opposition to responding with armed force is in Germany (58%), followed by France (53%) and Italy (51%). More than half of Americans (56%) and Canadians (53%) are willing to respond to Russian military aggression against a fellow NATO country. A plurality of the British (49%) and Poles (48%) would also live up to their Article 5 commitment. The Spanish are divided on the issue: 48% support it, 47% oppose.[27][28]

YouGov, a market research company that is mainly active in the UK also hosts a regularly updated public opinion polling for NATO. As of 6 January 2025, 45% of UK citizens strongly support NATO, 31% Tend to support NATO, 18% Don't know, 3% Tend to oppose and 3% Strongly oppose. Older people (65+) Strongly support NATO at 59%, whilst in younger demographics (18-24), Tend to support ranks the highest at 34%, and Don't know is at 33%.[29]

A 2025 poll found that support for NATO membership was 52%, compared to the 66% of Slovenians who voted for NATO membership in a referendum in 2003.[30][31]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Founding member of NATO.
  2. ^ Officially referred to by the name Czechia. (See Czech Republic#Name.)
  3. ^ Including the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  4. ^ including Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  5. ^ Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty does not cover overseas territories of France apart from Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
  6. ^ Germany initially joined NATO as West Germany. The former country of East Germany became part of NATO after German reunification.
  7. ^ Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty covers only the European part of The Netherlands.
  8. ^ Figure includes the islands of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius, but they don't fall under the NATO treaty.
  9. ^ Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty does not cover Bouvet Island.
  10. ^ Excluding the Plazas de soberanía region.
  11. ^ Officially referred to by the name Türkiye. (See Name of Turkey.)
  12. ^ Including Bermuda, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, and Jersey. Other overseas territories are not covered under Article 5.
  13. ^ Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty covers neither Hawaii nor any of the US territories.
  14. ^ The paramilitary forces of Italy consist of the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza.
  15. ^ Population data is based on a 2026 estimate by countrymeters.info [25]
  16. ^ a b c GDP, Defence expenditures and Personnel data is based on a 2026 estimate by nato.int [26]

References

Citations

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Center, Notre Dame International Security (23 March 2023). "The Addition of NATO Members Over Time (1949–2023)". ND International Security Center. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The North Atlantic Treaty". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 4 April 1949. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Enlargement and Article 10". NATO. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Currently, five partner countries have declared their aspirations to NATO membership: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Sweden and Ukraine.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NATO. "Member countries". NATO. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mosquera, Andrés B. Muñoz (2019). "The North Atlantic Treaty: Article 9 and NATO's Institutionalization". Volume 34. Emory International Law Review. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. Really, the Agreement on the Status of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, National Representatives and International Staff signed in Ottawa
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."03. Agreement on the Status of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, National Representatives and International Staff, done at Ottawa September 20, 1951". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
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  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025.
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  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stratton, Allegra (17 June 2008). "Sarkozy military plan unveiled". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
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  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2025). The Military Balance 2025. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781041049678. ISSN 0459-7222.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chodil, Jakub. "Jak fungují aktivní zálohy? Armáda v nich chce do roku 2030 mít deset tisíc lidí". ct24.ceskatelevize.cz (in čeština). 5 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Par NBS". www.mil.lv (in latviešu). Retrieved 18 January 2026.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Friedman, George (24 January 2017). "Where Does The Relationship Between NATO And The U.S. Go From Here?". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Birnbaum, Michael; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (8 April 2023). "NATO allies boost defense spending in the wake of Trump criticism". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mortimer, Caroline (19 March 2017). "Ex-US ambassador in withering criticism of Trump on Nato". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ridgwell, Henry (25 January 2017). "Shaken by Trump's Criticism of NATO, Europe Mulls Building Own Military Force". Voice Of America. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
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Bibliography

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