Isotopes of radium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mesothorium)

Template:Short description Template:Infobox radium isotopes Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of 1600 years, which is in the decay chain of 238U (the uranium or radium series).

Radium now has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.

In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of radium were given different names (as were those of other radioactive elements), as it was not until Frederick Soddy's scientific work in the 1900s and 1910s that the concept of isotopes was employed.[1] In this scheme, 223Ra was named actinium X (AcX), 224Ra thorium X (ThX), 226Ra radium (Ra), and 228Ra mesothorium 1 (MsTh1).[2] When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of the same element, many of these names fell out of use, and "radium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just 226Ra,[3] though mesothorium 1 in particular was still used for some time, with a footnote explaining that it referred to 228Ra.[4] The known decay products of radium-226 received historical names including "radium",[5] starting with radium emanation and then ranging from radium A to radium G, with the letter indicating approximately how far they were down the chain from their parent.[a]

In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped.[7] This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.

List of isotopes


Template:Isotopes table |-id=Radium-201 | 201Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 113 | 201.012815(22) | style="text-align:center" | 2005 | 20(30) ms | α | 197Rn | (3/2−) | |-id=Radium-201m | style="text-indent:1em" | 201mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 263(26) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2014 | 6(5) ms | α | 197Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-202 | 202Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 202.009742(16) | style="text-align:center" | 2005 | 4.1(11) ms | α | 198Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-203 | 203Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 203.009234(10) | style="text-align:center" | 1996 | 36(13) ms | α | 199Rn | 3/2− | |-id=Radium-203m | style="text-indent:1em" | 203mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 246(14) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1996 | 25(5) ms | α | 199Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-204 | 204Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 204.0065069(96) | style="text-align:center" | 1995 | 60(9) ms | α | 200Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-205 | 205Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 205.006231(24) | style="text-align:center" | 1987 | 220(50) ms | α | 201Rn | 3/2− | |-id=Radium-205m | style="text-indent:1em" | 205mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 263(25) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1996 | 180(50) ms | α | 201Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-206 | 206Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 206.003828(19) | style="text-align:center" | 1967 | 0.24(2) s | α | 202Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-207 | rowspan=2|207Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119 | rowspan=2|207.003772(63) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1967 | rowspan=2|1.38(18) s | α (86%) | 203Rn | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (14%) | 207Fr |-id=Radium-207m | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mRa | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 560(60) keV | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1987 | rowspan=3|57(8) ms | IT (85%#) | 207Ra | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| |- | α (?%) | 203mRn |- | β+ ? | 207Fr |-id=Radium-208 | rowspan=2|208Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120 | rowspan=2|208.0018550(97) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1967 | rowspan=2|1.110(45) s | α (87%) | 204Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (13%) | 208Fr |-id=Radium-208m | style="text-indent:1em" | 208mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2147.4(4) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2005 | 263(17) ns | IT | 208Ra | (8+) | |-id=Radium-209 | 209Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 209.0019949(62) | style="text-align:center" | 1967 | 4.71(8) s | α (90%) | 205Rn | 5/2− | |-id=Radium-209m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 209mRa | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 882.4(7) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2008 | rowspan=2|117(5) μs | α (90%) | 205Rn | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (10%) | 209Fr |-id=Radium-210 | 210Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 210.0004754(99) | style="text-align:center" | 1967 | 4.0(1) s | α | 206Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-210m | style="text-indent:1em" | 210mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2050.9(7) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2004 | 2.29(3) μs | IT | 210Ra | 8+ | |-id=Radium-211 | 211Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 123 | 211.0008930(53) | style="text-align:center" | 1967 | 12.6(12) s | α | 207Rn | 5/2− | |-id=Radium-211m | style="text-indent:1em" | 211mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1198.1(8) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2004 | 9.5(3) μs | IT | 211Ra | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-212 | rowspan=2|212Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124 | rowspan=2|211.999787(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1967 | rowspan=2|13.0(2) s | α | 208Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ ? | 212Fr |-id=Radium-212m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1958.4(20) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1986 | 9.3(9) μs | IT | 212Ra | 8+ | |-id=Radium-212m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2613.3(20) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1986 | 0.85(13) μs | IT | 212Ra | 11− | |-id=Radium-213 | rowspan=2|213Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125 | rowspan=2|213.000371(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1955 | rowspan=2|2.73(5) min | α (87%) | 209Rn | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (13%) | 213Fr |-id=Radium-213m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 213mRa | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1768(4) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1976 | rowspan=2|2.20(5) ms | IT (99.4%) | 213Ra | rowspan=2|(17/2−) | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.6%) | 209Rn |-id=Radium-214 | rowspan=2|214Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126 | rowspan=2|214.0000996(56) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1966 | rowspan=2|2.437(16) s | α (99.941%) | 210Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.059%) | 214Fr |-id=Radium-214m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1819.7(18) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1992 | 118(7) ns | IT | 214Ra | 6+ | |-id=Radium-214m2 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 214m2Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1865.2(18) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1974 | rowspan=2|67.3(15) μs | IT (99.91%) | 214Ra | rowspan=2|8+ | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.09%) | 210Rn |-id=Radium-214m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m3Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2683.2(18) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1979 | 295(7) ns | IT | 214Ra | 11− | |-id=Radium-214m4 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m4Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3478.4(18) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1979 | 279(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | 14+ | |-id=Radium-214m5 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m5Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4146.8(18) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1979 | 225(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | 17− | |-id=Radium-214m6 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m6Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6577.0(18) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1992 | 128(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | (25−) | |-id=Radium-215 | 215Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 215.0027182(77) | style="text-align:center" | 1966 | 1.669(9) ms | α | 211Rn | 9/2+# | |-id=Radium-215m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1877.8(3) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1988 | 7.31(13) μs | IT | 215Ra | (25/2+) | |-id=Radium-215m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m2Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2246.9(4) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1998 | 1.39(7) μs | IT | 215Ra | (29/2−) | |-id=Radium-215m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m3Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3807(50)# keV | style="text-align:center" | 1998 | 555(10) ns | IT | 215Ra | (43/2−) | |-id=Radium-216 | rowspan=2|216Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128 | rowspan=2|216.0035335(86) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1972 | rowspan=2|172(7) ns | α | 212Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | EC (<1×10−8%) | 216Fr |-id=Radium-217 | 217Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 129 | 217.0063227(76) | style="text-align:center" | 1970 | 1.95(12) μs | α | 213Rn | (9/2+) | |-id=Radium-218 |218Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 130 | 218.007134(11) | style="text-align:center" | 1970 | 25.91(14) μs | α | 214Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-219 | 219Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 131 | 219.0100847(73) | style="text-align:center" | 1952 | 9(2) ms | α | 215Rn | (7/2)+ | |-id=Radium-219m | style="text-indent:1em" | 219mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 16.7(8) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2018 | 10(3) ms | α | 215Rn | (11/2)+ | |-id=Radium-220 | 220Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | 220.0110275(82) | style="text-align:center" | 1949 | 18.1(12) ms | α | 216Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-221 | rowspan=2|221Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133 | rowspan=2|221.0139173(05) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1949 | rowspan=2|25(4) s | α | 217Rn | rowspan=2|5/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 1] |- | CD (1.2×10−10%)[n 2] | 207Pb
14C |-id=Radium-222 | rowspan=2|222Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134 | rowspan=2|222.0153734(48) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1948 | rowspan=2|33.6(4) s | α | 218Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | CD (3.0×10−8%) | 208Pb
14C |-id=Radium-223 | rowspan=2|223Ra[n 3] | rowspan=2|Actinium X | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135 | rowspan=2|223.0185006(22) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1905 | rowspan=2|11.4352(10) d | α | 219Rn | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 4] |- | CD (8.9×10−8%) | 209Pb
14C |-id=Radium-224 | rowspan=2|224Ra | rowspan=2|Thorium X | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136 | rowspan=2|224.0202104(19) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1902 | rowspan=2|3.6316(14) d | α | 220Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 5] |- | CD (4.0×10−9%) | 210Pb
14C |-id=Radium-225 | rowspan=2|225Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137 | rowspan=2|225.0236105(28) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1947 | rowspan=2|14.82(19) d | β− | 225Ac | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 6] |- |α (0.0026%)[8][n 7] |221Rn |-id=Radium-226 | rowspan=2|226Ra | rowspan=2|Radium[n 8] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138 | rowspan=2|226.0254082(21) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1898 | rowspan=2|1600(7) y | α[n 9] | 222Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 10] |- | CD (2.6×10−9%) | 212Pb
14C |-id=Radium-227 | 227Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 139 | 227.0291762(21) | style="text-align:center" | 1953 | 42.2(5) min | β− | 227Ac | 3/2+ | |-id=Radium-228 | 228Ra | Mesothorium 1 | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 140 | 228.0310686(21) | style="text-align:center" | 1907 | 5.75(3) y | β− | 228Ac | 0+ | Trace[n 5] |-id=Radium-229 | 229Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 141 | 229.034957(17) | style="text-align:center" | 1975 | 4.0(2) min | β− | 229Ac | 5/2+ | |-id=Radium-230 | 230Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 142 | 230.037055(11) | style="text-align:center" | 1978 | 93(2) min | β− | 230Ac | 0+ | |-id=Radium-231 | 231Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 143 | 231.041027(12) | style="text-align:center" | 1985 | 104(1) s | β− | 231Ac | (5/2+) | |-id=Radium-231m | style="text-indent:1em" | 231mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.21(9) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2001 | ~53 μs | IT | 231Ra | (1/2+) | |-id=Radium-232 | 232Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 144 | 232.0434753(98) | style="text-align:center" | 1983 | 4.0(3) min | β− | 232Ac | 0+ | |-id=Radium-233 | 233Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 145 | 233.0475946(92) | style="text-align:center" | 1990 | 30(5) s | β− | 233Ac | 1/2+# | |-id=Radium-234 | 234Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 146 | 234.0503821(90) | style="text-align:center" | 1990 | 30(10) s | β− | 234Ac | 0+ | Template:Isotopes table/footer

Actinides vs fission products

Page Template:Navbar-header/styles.css has no content.
Actinides and fission products by half-life Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbar/configuration' not found.
Actinides[9] by decay chain Half-life
range (a) 		Fission products of 235U by yield[10]
4n
(Thorium) 		4n + 1
(Neptunium) 		4n + 2
(Radium) 		4n + 3
(Actinium) 		4.5–7% 0.04–1.25% <0.001%
228Ra№ 4–6 a 155Euþ
248Bk[11] > 9 a
244Cmƒ 241Puƒ 250Cf 227Ac№ 10–29 a 90Sr 85Kr 113mCdþ
232Uƒ 238Puƒ 243Cmƒ 29–97 a 137Cs 151Smþ 121mSn
249Cfƒ 242mAmƒ 141–351 a

No fission products have a half-life
in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...

241Amƒ 251Cfƒ[12] 430–900 a
226Ra№ 247Bk 1.3–1.6 ka
240Pu 229Th 246Cmƒ 243Amƒ 4.7–7.4 ka
245Cmƒ 250Cm 8.3–8.5 ka
239Puƒ 24.1 ka
230Th№ 231Pa№ 32–76 ka
236Npƒ 233Uƒ 234U№ 150–250 ka 99Tc₡ 126Sn
248Cm 242Pu 327–375 ka 79Se₡
1.33 Ma 135Cs₡
237Npƒ 1.61–6.5 Ma 93Zr 107Pd
236U 247Cmƒ 15–24 Ma 129I₡
244Pu 80 Ma

... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[13]

232Th№ 238U№ 235Uƒ№ 0.7–14.1 Ga
Template:Ubli

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nagel, Miriam C. (September 1982). "Frederick Soddy: From alchemy to isotopes". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (9): 739. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N. doi:10.1021/ed059p739. ISSN 0021-9584.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kirby, H.W. & Salutsky, Murrell L. (December 1964). The Radiochemistry of Radium (Report). crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department. p. 3 – via University of North Texas, UNT Digital Library. Alternate source: https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Giunta, Carmen J. (2017). "ISOTOPES: IDENTIFYING THE BREAKTHROUGH PUBLICATION (1)" (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 42 (2): 103–111. doi:10.70359/bhc2017v042p103.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Looney, William B. (1958). "Effects of Radium in Man". Science. 127 (3299): 630–633. Bibcode:1958Sci...127..630L. doi:10.1126/science.127.3299.630. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1755774. PMID 13529029.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mitchell, S. A. (1913). "Is Radium in the Sun?". Popular Astronomy. 21: 321–331. Bibcode:1913PA.....21..321M.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kuhn, W. (1929). "LXVIII. Scattering of thorium C" γ-radiation by radium G and ordinary lead". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 8 (52): 628. doi:10.1080/14786441108564923. ISSN 1941-5982.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hills, Stephanie (8 May 2013). "First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei". CERN.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ra-225 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
  10. ^ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
    "The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
  12. ^ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
  13. ^ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is eight quadrillion years.
  • Isotope masses from:
    • Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Radium emanation = 222Rn, RaA = 218Po, RaB = 214Pb, RaC = 214Bi, RaC' = 214Po, RaC" = 210Tl, RaD = 210Pb, RaE = 210Bi, RaF = 210Po, and RaG = 206Pb(stable, ending the chain). [6]

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.
Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_radium&oldid=1307039"