Andrenidae

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File:Female Andrenidae.jpg
Andrena sp.

The Andrenidae (commonly known as mining bees) are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas (warm temperate xeric). It includes some enormous genera (e.g., Andrena with over 1300 species, and Perdita with over 700). One of the subfamilies, Oxaeinae, is so different in appearance that they were typically accorded family status, but careful phylogenetic analysis reveals them to be an offshoot within the Andrenidae, very close to the Andreninae.[1]

Description

The Andrenidae are typically small to moderate-sized bees, which often have scopae on the basal segments of the leg in addition to the tibia, and are commonly oligolectic (especially within the subfamily Panurginae). They can be distinguished from other bee families by the presence of two subantennal sutures on the face, a primitive trait shared with the sphecoid wasps. Many groups also have depressions or grooves called "foveae" on the head near the upper margin of the eyes, another feature seen in sphecoids, and also shared by some Colletidae. Andrenids are among the few bee families that have no kleptoparasites. The family contains a very large number of taxa, especially among the Panurginae, whose sting apparatus is so reduced that they are effectively unable to sting.[1]

The subfamily Oxaeinae is rather different in appearance from the other subfamilies, being large, fast-flying bees with large eyes, resembling some of the larger Colletidae.[1]

The Andrenidae are known from the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, around 34 Mya, within Florissant shale.[2]

"Nocturnal" species

The Andrenidae are one of the four bee families that contain some crepuscular species; these species are active only at dusk or in the early evening, and therefore technically considered vespertine. In the Andrenidae, such species occur primarily in the subfamily Panurginae. These bees, as is typical in such cases, have greatly enlarged ocelli, though one crepuscular subgenus of Andrena has normal ocelli. The other families with some crepuscular species are Halictidae, Colletidae, and Apidae.[1]

Genera

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.C. D. Michener (2007). The Bees of the World (2 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801885736.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dewulf, Alexandre; De Meulemeester, Thibaut; Dehon, Manuel; Engel, Michael S.; Michez, Denis (2014). "A new interpretation of the bee fossil Melitta willardi Cockerell (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing". ZooKeys (389): 35–48. doi:10.3897/zookeys.389.7076. PMC 3974431. PMID 24715773.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region - online version". J. S. Moure, D. Urban & A. Dal Molin, 2008. Andrenini Latreille, 1802. In Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G. A. R. (Orgs). Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Report: Ancylandrena". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Subfamily Andreninae - Mining Bees". BugGuide. Iowa State University Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Andrena Fabricius, 1775". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ITIS Standard Report Page: Euherbstia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Report: Megandrena". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Engel, Michael S. (18 September 2015). "A review of the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)". Journal of Melittology (52): 1–18. doi:10.17161/jom.v0i52.4902. hdl:1808/20578. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. (30 April 1971). "Systematics of the South American bee genus Orphana (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)". American Museum Novitates (2462). New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C.S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G.S.; Dewey, T.A. (2025). "Orphana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Report: Mesoxaea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Notoxaea Hurd & Linsley, 1976". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Report: Oxaea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Protoxaea Cockerell & Porter, 1899". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gonzalez, V.H.; Smith-Pardo, A.H.; Engel, M.S. (2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of a new genus of calliopsine bees from Peru, with a review of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 412: 1–71. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-412.1.1. S2CID 90051560.

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