Mogilev
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Mogilev
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|---|---|
| Belarusian transcription(s) | |
| • BGN/PCGN | Mahilyow |
| • Official | Mahilioŭ |
| • Scholarly | Mahilëŭ |
| • ALA-LC | Mahili͡oŭ |
| • British[1] | Mahilëw |
| • Łacinka | Mahiloŭ |
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| Country | Belarus |
| Region | Mogilev Region |
| Founded | 1267 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Sergey Chertkov |
| Area | |
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| Population (2025)[2] | Template:Fix comma category |
| Population (2025)[2] | |
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| Template:Pluralize from text | Template:Pluralize from text |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK) |
| Postal code | 212 001 |
| Template:Pluralize from text | +375 222Template:Pluralize from text |
| License plate | 6 |
| Website | City's executive committee's official website |
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Mogilev, or Mahilyow,[a][4] is a city in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km (65 miles) from Bryansk Oblast. As of 2025, it has a population of 352,896.[2] In 2011, its population was 360,918,[5] up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre of Mogilev Region,[2] and is the third-largest city in Belarus.
Name
The name Mogilev may be derived from Russian mogila (Template:Lit) and lev (Template:Lit); according to folk legend, the city was named after the grave of a young peasant, which was known as the "Tomb of the Lion", and it was around this burial mound that a fortress was built.[6] Its founding has also been linked to Galician prince Leo I.[7]
History
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The city was first mentioned in historical records in 1267. From the 14th century, it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and since the Union of Lublin (1569), it has been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where it became known as Mohylew. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east–west and north–south trading routes.
In 1577, Grand Duke Stephen Báthory granted it city rights under Magdeburg law. In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev's inhabitants. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch agreed to their proposal. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town.[8] During this war, the city was besieged twice by the Lithuanian army: in 1655, and in 1660. In 1661, residents started an uprising against the Russian military occupation. The city was set afire by Peter the Great's forces in 1708, during the Great Northern War.[9] After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Mogilev became part of the Russian Empire and became the centre of the Mogilev Governorate.
In the years 1915–1917, during World War I, the Stavka, the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army, was based in the city [10] and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.[11][12]
Following the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the city was briefly occupied by Germany and placed under their short-lived Belarusian People's Republic. In 1919, Mogilev was captured by the forces of Soviet Russia and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. Up to World War II and the Holocaust, like many other cities in Europe, Mogilev had a significant Jewish population: according to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. over 50 percent).[13] In 1938 the leadership of Soviet Belarus decided to move the capital of the country from Minsk to Mogilev because Minsk was too close to the then-Polish-Soviet border. Due to that, the now-Mogilev City Council building was built in 1938–1940 to be the government building. It was designed to resemble the Minsk Government building.
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During Operation Barbarossa, the city was conquered by Wehrmacht forces on 26 July 1941 and remained under German occupation until 28 June 1944.[15] Mogilev became the official residence of High SS and police leader (HSSPF) Erich von dem Bach. During that period, the Jews of Mogilev were ghettoized and systematically murdered by Ordnungspolizei and SS personnel.[16] Heinrich Himmler personally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month, several mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Nazi extermination camps. Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour of Maly Trostenets.
In 1944, with the Mogilev offensive, the devastated city was liberated by the Red Army and returned to Soviet control. Mogilev then was the site of a labour camp for German POW soldiers.
Since Belarus gained its independence in 1991, Mogilev has remained one of its principal cities.
Demographics
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Historical population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source: pop-stat.mashke.org[17][18][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion
Mohilev was the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev until its 1991 merger into the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.
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Economy
After World War II, a huge metallurgy centre with several major steel mills was built. Also, several major factories of cranes, cars, tractors and a chemical plant were established. By the 1950s, tanning was Mogilev's principal industry, and it was a major trading centre for cereal, leather, salt, sugar, fish, timber and flint: the city has been home to a major inland port on the Dnieper river since and an airport since. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Belarus as an independent country, Mogilev has become one of that country's main economic and industrial centres.[19]
Notable sites
The convent of St. Nicholas has a cathedral built in 1668, as well as the original iconostasis, bell tower, walls, and gates. As of 2014 it was under consideration to become a UNESCO World Heritage site.[20]
Geography
Climate
Mogilev has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summers and cold winters. Script error: No such module "weather box".
Notable citizens
- Rita Achkina, cross country skier
- Matest M. Agrest, ethnologist and mathematician
- Modest Altschuler, orchestra conductor
- Abe Anellis, microbiologist
- Olga Bogdanova, chemist
- Petr Elfimov, musician
- Svetlana Baitova, gymnast
- Ihar Hershankou, serial killer
- Alyona Lanskaya, singer
- Eugenia Logvinovna Lashnyukova, nun
- Joseph Lookstein, Rabbi and President of Bar-Ilan University
- Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam, physicist
- Andrey Melnikov, soldier and recipient of Hero of the Soviet Union award
- Andrej Mryj, satirical writer, journalist, translator and a victim of Stalin's purges
- Ivan Nasovič, author of the first Belarusian dictionary
- Stanisław Julian Ostroróg, Polish count, Crimean War veteran, noted Victorian Photographic portraitist, naturalised British subject
- David Pinski, Yiddish playwright
- Simeon Piščević, major-general and governor of Mogilev (1777)
- Lev Polugaevsky, International Grandmaster of chess
- Leo Rogin, Economist and Writer
- Otto Schmidt, scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician
- Issai Schur, mathematician
- Spiridon Sobol, Belarusian enlightener and printer; published the first ABC-book in Belarus in 1631
- Mikałaj Sudziłoŭski, revolutionary and scientist
- Sergey Evtuhov (born 1953), painter
- Nikolai Sudzilovsky, 1st President of the Hawaii Senate
Sports
City sports teams:
- Football: FC Torpedo Mogilev,[22] FC Dnepr Mogilev and ZhFC Dnepr Mogilev, Nadezhda Mogilev
- Hockey: HK Mogilev
- Basketball: BC Borisfen
Twin towns – sister cities
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- Template:Flagicon Al Rayyan, Qatar
- Template:Flagicon Bursa, Turkey
- Template:Flagicon Changsha, China[24]
- Template:Flagicon Eisenach, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Gabrovo, Bulgaria
- Template:Flagicon Kerch, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Kragujevac, Serbia
- Template:Flagicon Mykolaiv, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Nanjing, China
- Template:Flagicon Penza, Russia
- Template:Flagicon Sokolinaya Gora (Moscow), Russia
- Template:Flagicon Sumgait, Azerbaijan
- Template:Flagicon Tabriz, Iran
- Template:Flagicon Tula, Russia
- Template:Flagicon Villeurbanne, France
- Template:Flagicon Wittenberg, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Pivdenne, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Zhengzhou, China
- Template:Flagicon Zvenigorod, Russia
Notes
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- ^ Page Module:IPA/styles.css has no content.US: /məɡɪlˈjɔːf/;[3] Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA"..
References
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- ^ British Standard 2979 : 1958, London: British Standards Institution.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Численность населения на 1 января 2025 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2024 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 29 March 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of MOGILEV".
- ^ Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць: нарматыўны даведнік / І. А. Гапоненка і інш.; пад рэд. В. П. Лемуюгова. — Мн.: Тэхналогія, 2007. — 406 с. — Template:ISBN. (DJVU) Template:In lang
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ярковец, А.И. (2011). "Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". Статистический бюллетень (in русский). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь: 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everett-Heath, John (22 October 2020). "Mahilyow". Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6.
- ^ Template:Cite Efron
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fishman, David (1995). Russia's First Modern Jews. NYU Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8147-2614-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Катлярчук, Андрэй (2007). Швэды ў гісторыі й культуры беларусаў (PDF) (in belarusian). Ėntsyklapedyks. ISBN 978-9856599586.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, Template:ISBN, pages 36–39, 41–42, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mogilev invites tourists to take a stroll with Emperor Nicholas II". Official website of Belarus.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Massie, Robert (2000) [1967]. Nicholas and Alexandria. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 300. ISBN 0-345-43831-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2004). Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-299-19464-7 – via Google Books.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Breitman, Richard (1998). Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York: Hill and Wang/Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 66. ISBN 9780809001842.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation". Holocaustresearchproject.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus". Jhrgbelarus.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cities & Towns of Belarus". 2024-04-15.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mogilev Region". Belarus.by. Govt of Belarus.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2004-01-30). "St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА" (in русский). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.FC Torpedo Mogilev (2015-01-30). "Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev". torpedomogilev.by. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Города-побратимы". mogilev.gov.by (in русский). Mogilev. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."白俄罗斯莫吉廖夫市". changsha.gov.cn (in 中文). Changsha. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
External links
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- Mogilev city executive committee
- Photos on Radzima.org
- Historic images of Mogilev
- Mogilev Jewish Center Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Moghilef (Mohilev)
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- The murder of the Jews of Mogilev during World War II, at Yad Vashem website
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- City and regional maps of Mogilev
- Zoomable map of Mogilev and Belarus -> In page click КАРТЫ in middle
- Overview map of roads and railways
- General overview of Baltics, Belarus and east-europe
- Belarus, topographic map
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Baltic countries full detail railway map. Belarus and Baltics in C1 sector".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - General detail, downloadable PDF map of Belarus
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