Mongoose

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mongooses)

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:DMCA Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox".

A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family has two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago. There is a large introduced population on the islands of Hawaii. Mongoose diets are varied but consist of mainly insects, hatchlings, reptiles and birds.

Etymology

The name is derived from names used in India for Herpestes species:[2][3][4][5] Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". in classical Hindi;[6] Script error: No such module "Lang". in Marathi;[7] Script error: No such module "Lang". in Telugu;[8] Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Kannada.[9]

The form of the English name (since 1698) was altered to its "-goose" ending by folk etymology.[10] It was spelled "mungoose" in the 18th and 19th centuries. The plural form is "mongooses",[11] although "mongeese" is also used.[12]

Characteristics

Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most species are brindled or grizzled, while some have strongly marked coats that resemble those of mustelids. Their markings consist of dark legs, stripes, and pale ringed tails. They have narrow, oval pupils and nonretractile claws. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status,[13] and a short and smooth penis with a baculum and an elongated urethral opening on its underside.[14] The dental formula of mongooses is 3.1.3–4.1–23.1.3–4.1–2. They range from Template:Cvt in head-to-body length, excluding the tail. In weight, they range from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt.[13]

Mongooses are one of at least four known mammalian taxa with mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom.[15] Their modified receptors prevent the snake venom α-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected, uniquely, by glycosylation.[16]

Taxonomy

Herpestina was a scientific name proposed by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1845 who considered the mongooses a subfamily of the Viverridae.[17] In 1864, John Edward Gray classified the mongooses into three subfamilies: Galidiinae, Herpestinae and Mungotinae.[18] This grouping was supported by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1919, who referred to the family as "Mungotidae".[19]

Genetic research based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Galidiinae are more closely related to Madagascar carnivores, including the fossa and Malagasy civet.[20][21] Galidiinae is considered a subfamily of Eupleridae.[22]

Subfamily Genus Species Image of type species
Herpestinae Herpestes Illiger, 1811[23] File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg
Atilax Cuvier, 1826[29] Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus) (Cuvier, 1829)[30] File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg
Cynictis Ogilby, 1833[31] Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata) (Cuvier, 1829)[30] File:Fuchsmanguste 2.jpg
Urva Hodgson, 1836[32] File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg
Ichneumia Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837[38] White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda) (Cuvier, 1829)[30] File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), crop.jpg
Bdeogale Peters, 1850[39] File:Bushy-tailed mongoose - Snapshot Safari Ruaha1.jpg
Rhynchogale Thomas, 1894[45] Meller's mongoose (R. melleri) Gray, 1865[18] File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.white.background.jpg
Paracynictis Pocock, 1916 Selous's mongoose (P. selousi) (de Winton, 1896) File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg
Xenogale Allen, 1919[46] Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso) (de Winton, 1901)[47] File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png
Mungotinae Mungos E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1795[48] File:Banded mongoose (Mungos mungo).jpg
Suricata Desmarest, 1804[51] Meerkat (S. suricatta) (Schreber, 1776)[52] File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) (32993685706).jpg
Crossarchus Cuvier, 1825 File:Crossarchus obscurus Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg
Helogale Gray, 1861 File:Helogale parvula, Serengeti.jpg
Dologale Thomas, 1920 Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii) Pousargues, 1894[53] File:Dologale Dybowskii - Chinko Project Area - 20120516.jpg
Liberiictis Hayman, 1958 Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni) Hayman, 1958

Phylogenetic relationships

Phylogenetic research of 18 mongoose species revealed that the solitary and social mongooses form different clades.[54] The phylogenetic relationships of Herpestidae are shown in the following cladogram:[55][56] Script error: No such module "Clade".

Extinct species

Atilax Cuvier, 1826

Herpestes Illiger, 1811

Leptoplesictis Major, 1903[57]

  • †L. atavus Beaumont, 1973
  • †L. aurelianensis Schlosser, 1888
  • †L. filholi Gaillard, 1899
  • †L. mbitensis Schmidt-Kittler, 1987
  • †L. namibiensis Morales et al., 2008
  • †L. peignei, Grohé et al., 2020
  • †L. rangwai Schmidt-Kittler, 1987
  • †L. senutae Morales et al., 2008

Behaviour and ecology

Some mongoose species are solitary, while others live in pairs or large groups.[58] Some species can learn simple tricks, and are kept as pets to control vermin.[59]

Cultural significance

In ancient Mesopotamia, mongooses were sacred to the deity Ninkilim, who was conflated with Ningirama, a deity of magic who was invoked for protection against serpents. According to a Babylonian popular saying, when a mouse fled from a mongoose into a serpent's hole, it announced, "I bring you greetings from the snake-charmer!" A creature resembling a mongoose also appears in Old Babylonian glyptic art, but its significance is not known.[60]

All mongoose species, except for Suricata suricatta, are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from being imported into the country.[61]

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

A well-known fictional mongoose is Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, who appears in a short story of the same title in The Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling. In this tale set in India, a young pet mongoose saves his human family from a krait and from Nag and Nagaina, two cobras. The story was later made into several films and a song by Donovan, among other references. A mongoose is also featured in Bram Stoker's novel The Lair of the White Worm. The main character, Adam Salton, purchases one to independently hunt snakes. Another mongoose features in the denouement of the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Indian Tamil devotional film Padai Veetu Amman shows Tamil actor Vinu Chakravarthy changing himself into a mongoose by using his evil tantric mantra, to fight the goddess Amman. However, the mongoose finally dies at the hands of the goddess.

Mongoose species are prohibited as pets in the United States.[62]

See also

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Family Herpestidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 562–571. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Valentini, M.B. & Major, J.D. (1714). "Viverra Indica grysea. Mungos". Museum museorum, oder, Vollständige Schau Bühne aller Materialien und Specereyen. Vol. 2 Appendix IX. Franckfurt am Mayn: Johann David Zunners Sel. Erben, und Johann Adam Jungen. p. 24.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jerdon, T.C. (1874). "127. Herpestes griseus". The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. London: J. Wheldon. pp. 132–134.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sterndale, R.A. (1884). "Herpestidae. The Ichneumon or Mungoose Family". Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker & Spink. pp. 222–228.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lydekker, R. (1894). "XIII. The Mungooses. Genus Herpestes". A hand-book to the Carnivora. Part 1: Cats, civets, and mungooses. London: Edward Lloyd Limited. pp. 244–269.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Platts, J.T. (1884). "منگوس मुंगूस muṅgūs, or मंगूस maṅgūs. The Mongoose, or ichneumon, Viverra ichneumon". A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 1081.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Molesworth, J. T. (1857). "मुंगूस muṅgūsa, Bengal Mungoose, Viverra Ichneumon, or Herpesteus Griseus". A dictionary, Marathi and English (Second, revised and enlarged ed.). Bombay: Printed for Government at the Bombay Education Society's Press. p. 384. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, C.P. (1903). "ముంగి or ముంగిస mungi. The ichneumon or mongoose, a kind of weasel. Viverra ichneumon". A Telugu-English dictionary (New, thoroughly revised and brought up to date second ed.). Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 997.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reeve, W. & Sanderson, D. (1858). "ಮುಂಗಿ, ಮುಂಗಿಸಿ, ಮುಂಗುಲಿ". A dictionary, Canarese and English (Revised, corrected and enlarged ed.). Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press. p. 787.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Forsyth, M. (2012). "Folk etymology". The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language. Penguin Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-101-61176-0.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hinton, H. E. & Dunn, A. M. S. (1967). "Preface". Mongooses: Their Natural History and Behaviour. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. v. OCLC 1975837.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of MONGOOSE". www.merriam-webster.com. 11 April 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macdonald, D., ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 660. ISBN 978-0-19-956799-7.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barchan, D.; Kachalsky, S., Neumann, D., Vogel, Z., Ovadia, M., Kochva, E. and Fuchs, S. (1992). "How the mongoose can fight the snake: the binding site of the mongoose acetylcholine receptor" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (16): 7717–7721. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.7717B. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7717. PMC 49782. PMID 1380164.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Drabeck, D. H.; Dean, A. M.; Jansa, S. A. (2015). "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites". Toxicon. 99: 68–72. Bibcode:2015Txcn...99...68D. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.007. PMID 25796346.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bonaparte, C. L. (1845). "Fam. VII. Viverridae". Catalogo Methodico dei Mammiferi Europei. Milan, Italy: L. di Giacomo Pirola. p. 8.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, J.E. (1865). "A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae) founded on the collection in the British Museum". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 502–579.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pocock, R. I. (1919). "The classification of mongooses (Mungotidae)". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (3): 515–524. doi:10.1080/00222931908673851.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yoder, A. D.; Burns, M. M.; Zehr, S.; Delefosse, T.; Veron, G.; Goodman, S. M.; Flynn, J. J. (2003). "Single origin of Malagasy carnivora from an African ancestor". Nature. 421 (6924): 434–437. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..734Y. doi:10.1038/nature01303. PMID 12610623. S2CID 4404379.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–337. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Illiger, C. (1815). "Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile". Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1804–1811: 39–159. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Viverra ichneumon". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (Decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. Template:In lang
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rüppell, E. (1835). "Herpestes sanguineus. Rüppell". Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Frankfurt am Main: S. Schmerber. pp. 27–28.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wagner, J.A. (1839). "Über die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Pharaonsratte". Gelehrte Anzeigen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 9 (183): 425–429.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, J.E. (1848). "Description of a new species of Herpestes, from Abyssinia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (November): 138–139.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bocage, J.V.B. (1889). "Mammifère d'Angola et du Congo". Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes. 2. 1: 174–185.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cuvier, F. G. (1826). "Vansire". In E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Cuvier, F. G. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères: avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans. Tome 5. Paris: A. Belin. p. LIV.
  30. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cuvier, G. (1829). "Les Mangoustes. Cuv. (Herpestes, Illiger)". Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Paris: Chez Déterville. pp. 157–158.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ogilby, W. (1833). "Characters of a new Genus of carnivorous Mammalia from the collection of Mr. Steedman". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (Part 1): 48–49.
  32. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hodgson, B. H. (1836). "Synoptical description of sundry new animals, enumerated in the Catalogue of Nepalese Mammals". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 5: 231–238.
  33. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1817). "De l'Ichneumon. Ichneumon pharaon". In Jomard, E. F. (ed.). Description de l'Égypte, ou, Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'éxpédition de l'armée française. Vol. Tome II. Paris: Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Egypte. pp. 137–144.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bennett, E. T. (1835). "Remarks on some Mammalia from Travancore, including a New Species of Herpestes". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. III: 66–67.
  35. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, J. E. (1837). "Description of some or little known Mammalia, principally in the British Museum Collection". The Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology. I (November): 577–587.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Waterhouse, G. R. (1838). "On two new species of Mammalia, from the Society's collection, belonging to the genera Gerbillus and Herpestes". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. VI: 55–56.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, J.E. (1846). "New species of Mammalia". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 18 (118): 211–212.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1837). "Notices sur deux nouveaux genres de Mammifères carnassiers, les Ichneumies, du continent Africain, et les Galidies de Madagascar". Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 2. 8: 249–252.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peters, W. (1850). "Bdeogale". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 94.
  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peters, W. (1852). "Mittheilung über die in Mossambique beobachteten Mangusten". Verhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 81–82.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pucheran, J.P. (1855). "Les Mammifères de la côte occidental d'Afrique". Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée. 2. 7: 111.
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, O. (1894). "On a new African Genus of Mustelidae". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 6. 13 (78): 522–524.
  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heller, E. (1914). "New antelopes and carnivores from British East Africa". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 61 (2240): 1–15.
  44. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, O. (1894). "On the mammals of Nyasaland: third contribution". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (February): 136–146.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Allen, J. A. (1919). "Preliminary notes on African Carnivora". Journal of Mammalogy. 1 (1): 23–31. doi:10.2307/1373716. JSTOR 1373716.
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Winton, W. E. (1901). "Description of a New Mongoose from West Africa". Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums Under the City Council. 3 (2): 35–37.
  48. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geoffroy, E. & Cuvier, F. (1795). "Mémoire sur une nouvelle division des Mammifères, et sur Ies principes qui doivent servir de base dans cette sorte de travail, lu à la société d'Histoire naturelle, le premier floréal de l'an troisième". In Millin; Noel & Warens (eds.). Magasin Encyclopédique: ou journal des sciences, des lettres et des arts. Vol. Tome second. Paris: I'lmprimerie du Magazin Encyclopédique. pp. 164–189.
  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gmelin, J. F. (1788). "Viverra mungo". Caroli a Linné, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. I (13th aucta, reformata ed.). Lipsiae: Georg Emanuel Beer. pp. 84–85.
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ogilby, W. (1835). "Descriptions of Mammalia and Birds from the Gambia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part III: 97–105.
  51. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Desmarest, A. G. (1804). "Genre Surikate, Suricata Nob.". In Deterville, J. F. P. (ed.). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle appliquée aux arts: principalement à l'agriculture et à l'économie rurale et domestique. Vol. 24. Paris: Deterville. p. 15.
  52. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schreber, J. C. D. (1776). "Viverra suricata". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. p. CVII.
  53. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Pousargues, E. (1894). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce de mammifère du genre Crossarchus et considérations sur la répartition géographique des crossarques rayés". Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 3 (in français). 6: 121–134.
  54. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Veron, G.; Colyn, M.; Dunham, A.E.; Taylor, P.; Gaubert, P. (2004). "Molecular systematics and origin of sociality in mongooses (Herpestidae, Carnivora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 582–598. Bibcode:2004MolPE..30..582V. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00229-X. PMID 15012940.
  55. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barycka, E. (2005). "Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora". Mammalian Biology. 72 (5): 257–282. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.011.
  56. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patou, M.; Mclenachan, P.A.; Morley, C.G.; Couloux, A.; Jennings, A.P.; Veron, G. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of the Herpestidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) with a special emphasis on the Asian Herpestes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 69–80. Bibcode:2009MolPE..53...69P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.038. PMID 19520178.
  57. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Salesa, M.J. (2008). "Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 291–310.
  58. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mongoose | Species & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 16 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
  59. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sherman, D. M. (2007). Tending Animals in the Global Village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-29210-5.
  60. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Black, J.; Green, A. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-7141-1705-6.
  61. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  62. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krueger, A. (2010). "Remembering Duluth's famous mongoose, Mr. Magoo". Duluth News Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "template wrapper".

Script error: No such module "Navbox with collapsible groups". Script error: No such module "Taxonbar".

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Mongoose&oldid=147039"