Muniche language
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| Muniche | |
|---|---|
| Munichi, Balsapuertiño | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Loreto |
| Extinct | late 1990s, with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate 1-2 semispeakers (2023)[1] |
| Dialects | see below |
| Latin[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | myr |
| Glottolog | muni1258 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Muniche is an extinct language which was spoken in the village of Munichis, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Yurimaguas, Loreto Region, Peru. The last known fluent speaker, Victoria Huancho Icahuate, died in the late 1990s, but the language was already moribund by the 1930s. As of 2009, there were several semi-speakers who retained significant lexical, and partial grammatical, knowledge of the language.[1]
It is also called Balsapuertiño, named after the village of Balsapuerto in the department of Loreto, Peru.[3]
Word order in Muniche is VSO.[4][5]
Classification
The language is considered an isolate (Michael et al. 2013), but the pronominal suffixes bear a close resemblance to those reconstructed for proto-Arawakan (Gibson 1996:18-19), and some lexical items are similar to ones in Arawakan languages (Jolkesky 2016:310–317).[6] Although Jolkesky (id.) argues that the language belongs to a putative Macro-Arawakan stock, evidence has yet to be provided for placing it either in a sister branch to the Arawakan language family or in a branch within this language family. There is substantial borrowing from the local variety of Quechua, and to a lesser extent from Spanish and Cahuapanan languages (Michael et al. 2013).
Varieties
Currently, there are two distinguished varieties of Muniche. One of the dialects merges certain phonemes that the other dialect does not.[1]
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, and Mochika language families due to contact.[7]
A number of Spanish loanwords may have passed through Shiwilu, a Cahuapanan language.[1]
Phonology
Vowels
Munichi has six vowels: /a, e, i, ɨ, o, u/.[8] Michael et al. (2023) reduce this to five vowels, these being Script error: No such module "IPA"..[1]
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | d | g | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ2 | ʈʂ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ʂ | ç | h3 | |||
| Nasal | m | n1 | ɲ1 | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | (w) | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||
- The two nasals listed here are treated as one placeless nasal by Michael et al. (2023). It assimilates to the position of the following stop or affricate; otherwise it is realized as [n] in onsets and [ŋ] in codas.[1] This may be seen in the following examples:
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- [t͡ʃ] and [ʈʂ] lose their contrast before /i/, /e/, and /ɨ/, with only [t͡ʃ] occurring before /i/ and /e/, and [ʈʂ] before /ɨ/.
- /h/ becomes [x] immediately before other consonants.
Phonotactics
The maximal syllable in Muniche is C1C2VC3, with the following restrictions for the consonants. Syllables without onset are permitted.[1]
- C1 must be voiceless.
- C2 cannot be a fricative.
- C1 and C2 cannot be a glottal stop.
- C1 and C2 cannot be both fricatives or both affricates.
Many consonant clusters in Muniche are suspected to arise from vowel reduction.
Verbs
Desiderative
Muniche has a desiderative suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". ~ Script error: No such module "Lang"., used to express that the subject of a verb to which the suffix is attached desires the outcome of the clause.[1] Template:InterlinearTemplate:Interlinear The subject must be the one desiring the realization of an action and the realizer of the action. To express the desire of someone else realizing an action, the complement-taking verb Script error: No such module "Lang". must be used. Template:Interlinear
See also
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Michael, Lev; Farmer, Stephanie; Finley, Gregory; Acosta, Karina Sullón; Beier, Christine; Icahuate, Alexandra Chanchari; Baneo, Donalia Icahuate; Saita, Melchor Sinti (2023-01-16), Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.), "18 Muniche", Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 851–892, doi:10.1515/9783110432732-005, ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2, retrieved 2025-09-17
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Una Breve Descripción del Idioma Muniche (PDF). 2009.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Gibson, Michael Luke. 1996. El Munichi: Un idioma que se extingue. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 42.) Pucallpa: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 103pp.
- ^ Michael Gibson. 1988. The Muniche Language: with partial reference to verb morphology. (MA thesis, University of Reading).
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Script error: No such module "webarchive".. Doutorado em Linguística. Universidade de Brasília.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
Bibliography
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gibson, Michael Luke (1996). El Munichi: Un idioma que se extingue. Serie Lingüística Peruana. Vol. 42 (1 ed.). Pucallpa: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery (2017-01-01). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais Sul-Americanas [An Archaeo-Ecolinguistic Study of the South American Tropics] (PhD thesis) (2nd ed.). Brasilia: UnB. doi:10.26512/2016.02.T.21671.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Michael, Lev; Farmer, Stephanie; Finley, Gregory; Beier, Christine; Acosta, Karina Sullón (July 2013). "A Sketch of Muniche Segmental and Prosodic Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 79 (3): 307–347. doi:10.1086/670752. ISSN 0020-7071.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Michael, L.; Beier, Ch.; Acosta, K. S.; Farmer, S.; Finley, G.; Roswell, M. (2009). Dekyunáwa: Un diccionario de nuestro idioma muniche (PDF). (Manuscript).
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