Cypripedium parviflorum

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Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin
Mackinac Island, Michigan
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Varieties[1]

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Synonyms[1]
List
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Cypripedium parviflorum, commonly known as yellow lady's slipper[4] or moccasin flower,[5] is a lady's slipper orchid native to North America.[6] It is widespread, ranging from Alaska south to Arizona and Georgia.[7] It grows in fens, wetlands, shorelines, and damp woodlands.[8]

Description

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  • Plant: 16 to 60 cm tall, reported to 80 cm elsewhere: stem, bracts, and leaves pubescent; flower stem rises 10 cm above leaves; one flower, rarely two.
  • Roots: few to many slender roots to 4 cm long on jointed rhizome.
  • Leaves: ovate lanceolate, cauline, plicate, four to six on blooming plants, from 9 ⨉ 4 cm to 14 ⨉ 5 cm; covered with fine hairs on underside; a few hairs on topside.
  • Floral bracts: ovate lanceolate bract at base of ovary, 7 ⨉ 2 cm.
  • Flowers: bright yellow pouch with greenish to reddish sepals and petals; up to 10 cm high ⨉ 10 cm wide.
  • Sepals: yellowish green with reddish stripes that turn to dots near pouch, fine hairs on back and edges; dorsal sepal ovate lanceolate, slightly concave, 4 ⨉ 2.2 cm; synsepal ellipitic, slightly concave; slight notch at tip, 3.2 ⨉ 1.4 cm.
  • Petals: linear, acute, yellowish green with reddish stripes that turn to dots at pouch; 5.5 cm long ⨉ 0.7 cm wide; fine hairs on back along well-defined central ridge; few hairs on inner one-third toward pouch.
  • Lip: bright yellow obovoid (pouch- or slipper-shaped), 3.2 cm wide ⨉ 4.0 cm high; opening 1.2 ⨉ 2.0 cm, with incurved margin; red dotted stripes on veins and faint reddish dots on inside and back of pouch.
  • Column: light green with red dots at base, 1.5 cm high; two fertile anthers, one to either side; staminode yellow with red dots, arrowhead-shaped, with V form (folded); pollinia yellow sticky masses.
  • Capsule: ellipsoidal, pubescent, 2.2 to 3 cm long ⨉ 0.6 to 1.3 cm in diameter

Taxonomy

Cypripedium parviflorum was given its scientific name in 1791 by Richard Anthony Salisbury. It is classified as part of the genus Cypripedium as part of the family Orchidaceae.[1] C. parviflorum is a highly variable species, which is a result of both hybridization and phenotypic plasticity.[9]

Four varieties are widely recognized. They are:[10][1]

  • C. parviflorum var. exiliens Sheviak – Alaska
  • C. parviflorum var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak – commonly called the "northern yellow lady's-slipper";[11] widely distributed over much of Canada and the northern United States
  • C. parviflorum var. parviflorum – commonly called the "small yellow lady's-slipper";[12] southern part of the species range, from eastern Nebraska and eastern Oklahoma east to Virginia and New Hampshire
  • C. parviflorum var. pubescens (Willdenow) O. W. Knight – commonly called the "large yellow lady's-slipper";[12] very widespread across much of United States, Canada, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon; treated by many authors as a distinct species, Cypripedium pubescens

Cypripedium parviflorum has 36 synonyms of the species or three of its four varieties.[1][13][14][15]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Calceolus parviflorus (Salisb.) Nieuwl. 1913 species C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Criosanthes parviflora (Salisb.) Raf. 1838 species C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium assurgens Raf. 1833 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium aureum Raf. 1833 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium bifidum Raf. 1833 species var. parviflorum = het.
Cypripedium bulbosum var. flavescens (Redouté) Farw. 1913 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium bulbosum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Farw. 1913 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium bulbosum var. pubescens (Willd.) Farw. 1927 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom.
Cypripedium calceolus subsp. parviflorum (Salisb.) Hultén 1967 subspecies C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fernald 1946 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium calceolus var. planipetalum (Fernald) Vict. & J.Rousseau 1940 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll 1938 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom.
Cypripedium calceolus f. rupestre Vict. & J.Rousseau 1940 form var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium flavescens Redouté 1803 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium furcatum Raf. 1833 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium hirsutum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Rolfe 1907 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium luteum Aiton ex Raf. 1828 species var. parviflorum = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. angustifolium Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. biflorum Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. concolor Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. glabrum Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. grandiflorum Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. maculatum Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium luteum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Raf. 1828 variety C. parviflorum ≡ hom.
Cypripedium luteum var. pubescens (Willd.) Raf. 1828 variety var. pubescens ≡ hom.
Cypripedium makasin Farw. 1918 species var. makasin = het.
Cypripedium parviflorum f. albolabium Magrath & J.L.Norman 1989 form var. parviflorum = het.
Cypripedium parviflorum var. planipetalum Fernald 1926 variety var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium parviflorum f. planipetalum (Fernald) P.J.Cribb 2012 form var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium planipetalum (Fernald) F.J.A.Morris 1929 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium pubescens Willd. 1804 species var. pubescens ≡ hom.
Cypripedium pubescens var. makasin Farw. 1918 variety var. makasin ≡ hom.
Cypripedium undatum Raf. 1833 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium veganum Cockerell & Barker 1900 species var. pubescens = het.
Cypripedium vittatum Raf. 1833 species var. pubescens = het., nom. illeg.
Cypripedium vittatum var. tortile Raf. 1833 variety var. pubescens = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

  • Newfoundland to British-Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona, and Washington; Europe.
  • Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Oregon in the West.
  • In the East along the Atlantic Coast, it is in every state except Florida and extends across to Louisiana and eastern Texas.
  • New Mexico state: Catron, Colfax, Grant, Los Alamos, Otero, San Miguel, San Juan and Santa Fe Counties.
  • Arizona state: Apache, Graham, and Greenlee Counties.

Habitat

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C. parviflorum is a more upland plant preferring subacidic to neutral soils. It is found primarily in mesic to dry-mesic upland forests, woodlands with deep humus or layers of leaf litter and shaded boggy habitats, but also in hill prairies and occasionally in wetlands with organic, well-drained, sandy soils. Specifically, in fir, pine, and aspen forest between 6,000 and 9,500 feet (1,800 and 2,900 m), it prefers moderate shade to nearly full sun. It may be present in mountain meadows and on timbered slopes, as well as dripping seeps on steep to moderately sloped canyon walls.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Template:Cite POWO
  2. ^ Template:Cite IUCN
  3. ^ Arditti, J., J. D. Michaud and P. L. Healey. 1979. Morphometry of orchid seeds. I. PAPHIOPEDILUM and native California and related species of CYPRIPEDIUM. American Journal of Botany 66(10):1128–1137.
  4. ^ Template:Go Botany
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Voitk, Andrus; Voitk, Maria (2006). Orchids on the Rock: The Orchids of Newfoundland. Rocky Harbour, NL: Gros Morne Co-operating Association.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cypripedium parviflorum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cypripedium parviflorum distribution map". Flora of North America.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Burke Herbarium Image Collection". biology.burke.washington.edu. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
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  10. ^ Template:Go Orchids
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Northern Yellow Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin)". Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weakley, Alan (2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  13. ^ Template:Cite POWO
  14. ^ Template:Cite POWO
  15. ^ Template:Cite POWO

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