Nyole language (Uganda)
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Nyole (also LoNyole, Lunyole, Nyuli) is a Bantu language spoken by the Banyole in Butaleja District, Uganda. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole language in Kenya.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |
| voiced prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮdʒ | ᵑg | |
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | x | |
| voiced | β | ||||
| Approximant | w | l~ɾ | j | (w) | |
Nyole has series of voiceless, voiced, and prenasalized stops. Script error: No such module "IPA". is labio-velar.
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
Historical changes
Nyole has an interesting development from Proto-Bantu *p → Nyole Script error: No such module "IPA".. Schadeberg (1989) connects this sound change to rhinoglottophilia, where the sound change developed first as Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA".. Then, given the acoustic similarity of Script error: No such module "IPA". and breathy voice to nasalization, the sound change progressed as Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA".. The velar place of articulation development is due to velar nasals being the least perceptible of the nasals and its marginal status in (pre-)Nyole and other Bantu languages. In closely related neighboring languages, *p developed variously into Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". or was deleted.
This historical development results in so-called "crazy" alternations, like Script error: No such module "IPA". resulting in Script error: No such module "IPA". as in the following:
- n-ŋuliira ("hear" stem form) : puliira "I hear"
- n-ŋumula ("rest" stem form) : pumula "I rest"
In the above two words, when the first person singular subject prefix Script error: No such module "IPA". is added to the stem starting with Script error: No such module "IPA"., the initial consonant surfaces as Script error: No such module "IPA".. In other forms (like Script error: No such module "IPA". "to hear" and Script error: No such module "IPA". "to rest"), the original stem-initial Script error: No such module "IPA". can be seen.
Writing System
| a | aa | b | bb | c | d | e | ee | f | g | h | i | ii | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ŋ | o | oo | p | r | s | t | u | uu | v | w | y | z |
See also
References
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- ^ Nyole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Lunyole Language Association (2006) Walifu w'Olunyole: Tiny Alphabet & Proverbs Book. Lunyole Language Association and SIL International, Busolwe and Entebbe.[1]
- Eastman, Carol M. (1972). Lunyole of the Bamenya, JAL, 11 (3), 63-78.
- Morris, H. F. (1963). A note on Lunyole. Uganda Journal, 27, 127-134.
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). The velar nasal in Nyole (E. 35). Annales Aequatoria, 10, 169-179. (Available online).
- Wicks, Douglas (2006) A partial grammar sketch of Lunyole with an emphasis on the applicative construction ([2]).
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