Holodiscus discolor

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Flowers in Anacortes, Washington
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms[1]
  • Holodiscus ariifolius (Sm.) Greene
  • Holodiscus franciscanus (Rydb.) Rehder
  • Schizonotus argenteus var. ariifolius (Sm.) Kuntze
  • Schizonotus argenteus var. discolor (Pursh) Kuntze
  • Schizonotus ariifolius (Sm.) Greene
  • Schizonotus discolor (Pursh) Raf.
  • Sericotheca discolor (Pursh) Rydb.
  • Sericotheca franciscana Rydb.
  • Spiraea ariifolia Sm.
  • Spiraea discolor Pursh
  • Thecanisia discolor (Pursh) Raf.

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Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America.[3][4][5]

Description

Holodiscus discolor is a fast-growing deciduous shrub usually from to 1.2–1.5 metres (4–5 feet) in width, and up to 2.1 m (7 ft) tall. Its alternate leaves are small, Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.5–9 centimetres (2–3+1⁄2 inches) long and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) broad, lobed, juicy green when new.[6] The young branches have longitudinal ridges.

Cascading clusters of white flowers drooping from the branches give the plant its two common names. The flowers have a faint sweet, sugary scent. The bloom period is May to July.

It bears a small, hairy fruit containing one seed which is light enough to be dispersed by wind.

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Distribution and habitat

The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Santa Cruz Mountains, Western Transverse Ranges, and the San Gabriel Mountains.

It is found in both openings and the common understory shrub in a variety of forest overstories from 300–1,300 m (980–4,270 ft) in elevation. In open mountain habitat in the Sierra Nevadas it can be found as high as 3,500 m (11,500 ft). It is found in a variety of habitats, from moist coastal forests to drier, cooler mountains of inland California. The plant is found in areas prone to wildfire, and it is often the first green shoot to spring up in an area recovering from a burn. It is commonly found in chaparral communities, a fire ecology ecosystem which evolved with burning periodically. It also may grow in areas cleared by logging.

In the California black oak woodland plant community, common understory associate species include Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western poison-oak), Heteromeles arbutifolia (toyon), and Dryopteris arguta (coastal wood fern).[7]

Ecology

It is of special value as a pollinator plant for native bees and butterflies.[8] It is also a larval host to Lorquin's admiral, pale tiger swallowtail, and spring azure caterpillars.[9]

Uses

Historically, the plant has been used by Indigenous peoples for many purposes.[10] Raw and cooked seeds were eaten,[11] and leaves were mixed with those of other plants and boiled with small game animals.[12] Many tribes used the wood and bark for making tools and furniture. Noted for the strength of its wood, it was often used for making digging sticks, spears, arrows, bows, harpoons and nails. The wood, like with many other plants, was often hardened with fire and was then polished using horsetail.[13]

The Comox and Tla'amin use oceanspray flowering as an indicator of the best time to dig for butter clams and that the sockeye salmon run is about to begin.[14][15]

Medicinal

The Lummi used the flowers as an antidiarrheal and the leaves as a poultice. Several First Nations, such as the Stl'atl'imx, would steep the berries in boiling water to use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic.[5]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  2. ^ Template:Cite NatureServe
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  4. ^ Template:BSBI 2007
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.
  6. ^ Jepson Manual, 1993[full citation needed]
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii ) - photo/images/information". globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18.
  8. ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center−NPIN: Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
  9. ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.[full citation needed]
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."University of Michigan at Dearborn: Ethnobotany of Holodiscus discolor". herb.umd.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 46.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 12.
  13. ^ Pojar; J, MacKinnon, A.; Alaback, P., et al. 1956/1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, Template:ISBN
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tracking the effects of climate change on wild plant life cycles: monitoring phenology in the field" (PDF). www.usanpn.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-17.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turner, Nancy J.; Reid, Andrea J. (November 7, 2022). ""When the Wild Roses Bloom": Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Change in Northwestern North America". GeoHealth. 6 (11). doi:10.1029/2022GH000612. ISSN 2471-1403. PMC 9665002. PMID 36398276.

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