IMOCA 60

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Development
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DesignOpen
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Boat
CrewTypically 1 or 2
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Hull
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LOH18 m (60 ft)
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Rig typeSloop
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File:Sailing yacht - IMOCA 60 - Ystad-2017.jpg
Ropeye IMOCA 60, in the port of Ystad 2017.

The IMOCA ("Open 60") is a 60 ft (18.3 m) development class monohull sailing yacht governed by the International Monohull Open Class Association (IMOCA).[1] The class pinnacle event are single or two person ocean races, such as the Route du Rhum and the Vendée Globe and this has been intimately linked to design development within the class. The class is recognised by World Sailing.[2]

Class description

The class is of "open" design: the boat is measurement controlled, and designers have freedom within the rules.[3] Several parts including the mast, boom and the canting keel ram and fin are one design for safety reasons.[4]

After several severe incidents in the early years of the class a self righting capability was introduced. Each boat must be able to self-right itself at any time. Every boat must prove this capability in a 90 degree or 180 degree test.[5][6]

File:IMOCA plan.png

Dimensions

Design restrictions include the hull length to be between 59 and 60 feet (18 m) and maximum draft of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The length including the bowsprit may not exceed 20.12 m. The max beam is 5,85 m. A maximum of four ballast tanks is allowed. Each of them has a limit in size.[4]

Hull

The IMOCAs have typically a very wide hull compared to yachts designed for coastal races. This is supposed to give more stability in wilder sea states. The mid-2000s boats had mostly a very streamlined hull optimized to create very little turbulence, thus reducing resistance.

With the introduction of foils the stresses the hull is expected to sustain changed. For one on the points where the foils are attached, secondly the contact point between hull and waves moved further back. As a result, older boats retrofitted with foils often needed also a strengthened hull. To increase performance in heavy seas scow-bows were introduced in the class.[7] First introduced on L'Occitane these are supposed to reduce nose diving, which reduces the average speed significantly.

Cockpit

The first IMOCAs had a fully open cockpit where winches and ship's wheel(s) were located. With progressing development the work area got more and more protected by a roof open to the back, sometimes also called cave. The ship's wheels were mostly replaced by different versions of tillers as autopilots took over more of the steering. In boats of the 2020 generation the first fully enclosed cockpits appeared, allowing the skippers to stay dry most of the time.

Rigging

The mast of IMOCA, which is held in place by several stays is able to turn with the main sail, typically of about 180 m2. The area of the main sail can be adjusted by lowering it towards the boom, its bottom attachment. It is fully battened.[8] To improve the performance of the mainsail the gap between boom and hull/cockpit might be closed. Charal 2 implemented this first.

Forward of the mast, most boats have at least four forestays which can carry headsails. Three of these are usually attached to the deck and, as well as bracing the mast, can carry jibs. The fourth stay runs from the mast to the tip of the bowsprit and is used for gennaker or spinnaker sails.[8] The number of headsails that can be taken into a race is limited by most race regulations.[9]

File:IMOCA foils and canting keel front sight.png
1: main mast; 2: spreaders; 3: keel; 4: shrouds; 5: S-foil retracted; 6: S-foil extended; 7: C-foil (like Hugo Boss 7); 8: daggerboard; 9: C-foil (like Corum)

Appendages

Two rudders and one keel are mandatory. The keel is allowed to be tilted up to 38 degrees to either side.[4] The rudders are not allowed to have any appendages that provide lift. Certain rudder designs such as the inverted V-shape on Charal 2 are able to provide some lift.[10]

Two other appendages are allowed, typically either hydrofoils or daggerboards. Both types of appendage are typically able to be (partially) retracted.[5] The rake/angle of the foils can be changed up to 5 degrees.[4]

Autopilot

Each boat is equipped with an autopilot that keeps the boat going constantly to allow the skipper to turn to other tasks.[11] The autopilot uses sensors that allow it to take into account sudden variations in apparent wind, speed, load on the foils and sails. Automated obstacle avoidance, whether it is the other ships detected by radar, AIS, or obstacles detected by the OSCAR system, which detects unknown floating objects.[12] The data provided by the sensors allow the autopilot to steer the boat with the best wind angle and to avoid boat-breaking loads.

Rule changes under discussion

Evolution of autopilot: Hydraulic control of the adjustment of the sails and the foils. For reasons of cost and maturity of technology, this track is still excluded from all the rules. However, on flying sailboats that are increasingly akin to aircraft in mechanical terms, it seems inevitable that the automated servo-controls already developed and generalized in aviation will be adapted to the world of foiling boats.[13]

T-Rudders: Elevators in the back of the boat have been discussed.[14] The IMOCA general assembly has voted against the introduction, most recently in October 2023.[15]

Mast: Due to the increasing loads to the mast due to foiling, changes to the one design mast are under discussion.[15]

History

The first major sailing competition in which the Open 60s appeared was the 1986 BOC Challenge.[16] The first boats were only limited by their length, up to 15 tons heavy and mostly constructed from aluminium.[17]

Major milestones in the history of the IMOCA 60s:

Events

IMOCA 60 races
Name Location Sailing mode Race mode Length[* 1]

(nautical miles)

Limited to IMOCA 60 Cycle First[* 2] Last Notes
Vendée Globe around the world single handed non-stop 24 000 yes 4 years 1989 ongoing
The Ocean Race around the world crewed staged varying no 4 years 1973 ongoing [19]
Transat Jacques Vabre transatlantic double handed non-stop varying no 2 years 1993 ongoing
Route du Rhum single handed non-stop 3 542 no 4 years 1978 ongoing
The Transat[* 3] transatlantic single handed non-stop 3 750 no 4 years 1960 ongoing
Retour à la base[* 4] transatlantic single handed non-stop 3 500 yes irregular 2007 ongoing
Transat New York Vendée transatlantic single handed non-stop 3 600 yes irregular 2016 ongoing
Rolex Fastnet Race European offshore various non-stop 605 no 2 years 1925 ongoing
Vendée Arctic European offshore single handed non-stop 1 200 yes irregular 2020 ongoing
The Ocean Race Europe European offshore crewed staged varying no tbd 2021 ongoing
Guyader Bermudes 1000 Race [fr] European offshore various non-stop 1 200 yes irregular 2019 ongoing [20]
Le Défi Azimut European offshore various non-stop 500 yes yearly 2011 ongoing [21]
Trans-Tasman Australia to New Zealand crewed non-stop 1,200 no annual 2026 ongoing [22]
Major former races
Barcelona World Race[24] around the world double handed non-stop yes 4 years 2007 2015
Velux 5 Oceans Race around the world single handed staged varying no 4 years 1982 2011
Calais Round Britain Race [fr] European offshore various non-stop yes 2 years 2003 2007
  1. ^ The length can vary widely between editions of the races
  2. ^ Not necessarily with IMOCA 60 participation from start
  3. ^ Originally Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race
  4. ^ Formerly Transat B to B

Other races with IMOCA 60 participation:

See also

References

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  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Open 60 Monohull Classes and Equipment..." www.sailing.org. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."INTERNATIONAL MONOHULL OPEN CLASS ASSOCIATION I.M.O.C.A. : OPEN 60' ISAF INTERNATIONAL CLASS : Class Rules - 2008 : Version 1" (PDF). www.sailing.org. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Decoding an IMOCA: the main design characteristics in 3 diagrams". BoatsNews.com. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilson, Kristi (2021-09-08). "Mark Chisnell on IMOCA 60 11.2: The Design Solutions". 11th Hour Racing Team. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Malizia Passes The 90 Degree Self Righting Test". Pressure-Drop.us. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vela, Giornale della (2022-10-13). "Scow bows : the phenomenon explained by Sam Manuard". Giornale della Vela. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Understanding the sails of an IMOCA in the Vendée Globe". BoatsNews.com. 2019-04-19. Archived from the original on 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Eleven critical choices for each team". www.imoca.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Stronger and smarter". www.seahorsemagazine.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Actualités - Vendée Globe et haute technologie. Les pilotes automatiques - Vendée Globe". www.vendeeglobe.org (in français). Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Actualités - Face aux 'Ofni', sécurité renforcée - Vendée Globe". www.vendeeglobe.org (in français). Retrieved 2024-01-02.
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