Pointblank directive

The Pointblank directive authorised the initiation of Operation Pointblank, the code name for the part of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive intended to cripple or destroy the German aircraft fighter strength, thus drawing it away from frontline operations and ensuring it would not be an obstacle to the invasion of Northwest Europe. The Pointblank directive of 14 June 1943 ordered RAF Bomber Command and the U.S. Eighth Air Force to bomb specific targets such as aircraft factories, and the order was confirmed when Allied leaders met at the Quebec Conference in August 1943. Up to that point, the RAF and USAAF had mostly been attacking the German industry in their own way – the British by broad night attacks on industrial areas, and the US in "precision attacks" by day on specific targets. The operational execution of the Directive was left to the commanders of the forces. As such, even after the directive, the British continued their night attacks. The majority of the attacks on German fighter production and combat with the fighters were conducted by the USAAF.

In practice, the USAAF bombers made large-scale daylight attacks on factories involved in fighter aircraft production. The Luftwaffe was forced into defending against these raids, and its fighters were drawn into battle with the bombers and their escorts. It was these battles of attrition that reduced the Luftwaffe's fighter pilot strength, despite increases in German aircraft production.

Casablanca directive

File:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 050602-F-1234P-005.jpg

Luftwaffe Fw 190, one of the German single-engine fighters targeted by Pointblank.

At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, the Combined Chiefs of Staff agreed to conduct the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO), and the British Air Ministry issued the Casablanca directive on 4 February with the object of:

On 14 June 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued the Pointblank directive which modified the February 1943 Casablanca directive. Along with the single-engine fighters of the CBO plan, the highest-priority Pointblank targets were the fighter aircraft factories since the Western Allied invasion of France could not take place without fighter superiority. In August 1943, the First Quebec Conference upheld this change of priorities.

Among the factories listed were the Regensburg Messerschmitt factory, the ball-bearing factory and the (WNF) which produced Bf 109 fighters.

Fighter Command declines to engage

As part of the Pointblank plans, the USAAF repeatedly pressed the RAF to contribute to the daytime effort by providing fighter escorts, and even suggesting daylight bombing if sufficient escorts were available.

Long-range fighter operations are at a natural disadvantage; friendly ground assets like spotters and radar are not available and even radio support can be difficult. The penetrating aircraft have to carry much more fuel, reducing their performance, and the long flight times fatigue the pilots. This led RAF Fighter Command to conclude that their assets should be used purely defensively, and in the years leading up to Pointblank this had never seriously been reconsidered. Although escorts had been requested on several occasions by both Bomber Command and Coastal Command, Fighter Command repeatedly returned dubious reports stating the Supermarine Spitfire simply could not be converted. This was especially curious considering the D-model photoreconnaissance versions of the Spitfire were available from 1940 and offered the required range and performance.

For Pointblank, USAAF General Henry H. Arnold requested that allocations of the North American P-51 Mustang to the RAF be directed to provide escort for daytime raids and that British Mustangs be put under Eighth Air Force command. Chief of the Air Staff Charles Portal, responded that he could provide four squadrons, not nearly enough for the mission. Arnold wrote back, clearly upset, and stated:

As presently employed it would appear that your thousands of fighters are not making use of their full capabilities. Our transition from the defensive to the offensive should surely carry with it the application of your large fighter force offensively ... We have put long range tanks in our P.47's. Those P.47's are doing some offensive action several hundred miles from England. In their basic design, our P.47's were shorter range aircraft than your Spitfires.

Arnold's letter said that he felt the fighters should have been fitted with additional fuel tanks and bombs and used against the German aircraft on the ground at their airfields. Portal responded saying that the day-force strength averaged 1,464 fighters and that it had "consistently been employed offensively... mainly in conjunction with medium and light bombers". His subordinate, Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, added that the RAF fighter force was designed for air superiority over Northern France in the coming invasion

USAAF General Barney M. Giles met with Portal and offered to convert two Spitfires entirely at the USAAF's expense. Two Mark IXs were shipped to Wright Field in January 1944 and modified, demonstrating their newfound range by flying back to England across the Atlantic. Tests at Boscombe Down were equally successful, but by the time the conversions had been approved in August, Pointblank had concluded and the Luftwaffe had been comprehensively weakened by years of attrition.

References

• Darling, Kev (2008), Aircraft of the 8th Army Air Force 1942–1945, Big Bird Aviation, p. 181, ISBN 978-0-9559840-0-6
• Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D., eds. (2001), "Strategic air offensives", The Oxford Companion to World War II, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198604464
• Delleman, Paul (1995–1998), "LeMay and Harris the 'Objective' Exemplified", Air & Space Power Journal, Chronicles Online Journal, archived from the original on 2009-09-26, retrieved 2008-07-14
• Emerson, William R. (1962), "Operation Pointblank: A Tale of Bombers and Fighters", USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture, archived from the original on 25 March 2009
• Gruen, Adam L., "Preemptive Defense, Allied Air Power Versus Hitler's V-Weapons, 1943–1945", The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, pp. 4 (Round 1), 5 (Round 2), archived from the original on 2009-07-05, retrieved 2007-05-07
• Harris, Arthur Travers; Cox, Sebastian (1995), Despatch on War Operations: 23 February 1942, to 8 May 1945, Routledge, p. 196, ISBN 0-7146-4692-X
• McFarland, Stephen L.; Newton, Wesley Phillips (2006), To Command the Sky The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany, 1942–1944
• Stubbs, David (April 2014), "A Blind Spot? The Royal Air Force (RAF) and Long-Range Fighters, 1936–1944", Journal of Military History, 78 (2): 673–702
• Sullivan, John J. (2015), Overlord's Eagles: Operations of the United States Army Air Forces in the Invasion of Normandy in World War II, McFarland
• Varley, Michael (2005), "17: Operation Pointblank", Aspects of the Combined British and American Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939 to 1945, p. 32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-13, retrieved 1 August 2012
• Background: Combined Bomber - World War Two, Valour and Horror, 20 December 2005, archived from the original on 20 December 2005, retrieved 1 August 2012
• Zaloga, Steven J. (2011), Operation Pointblank 1944: Defeating the Luftwaffe, Campaign #236, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84908-385-0

Further reading

• Hansell, Haywood S. Jr. (1972), The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler, Atlanta: Higgins-McArthur/Longino and Porter, ISBN 0-405-12178-4, retrieved 2007-01-17
• Harris, Arthur Travers (2005), Bomber Offensive, Pen & Sword, ISBN 1-84415-210-3
• Kreis, John F.; Cochran, Alexander S. Jr.; Ehrhart, Robert C.; Fabyanic, Thomas A.; Futrell, Robert F.; Williamson, Murray (1996), Piercing the Fog: Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War II, Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Studies Office, p. 241, ISBN 978-1-4289-1405-6 – via Google Books