Thymosin α1

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Thymosin α1
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Identifiers
  • (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC129H215N33O55
Molar mass3108.315 g·mol−1
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  • CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C
  • InChI=1S/C129H215N33O55/c1-18-59(10)98(159-114(201)76(36-42-91(181)182)146-120(207)83(53-164)154-121(208)84(54-165)155-127(214)99(63(14)166)160-118(205)80(51-94(187)188)152-123(210)95(56(4)5)156-104(191)62(13)135-102(189)60(11)137-115(202)78(49-92(183)184)151-119(206)82(52-163)138-66(17)169)125(212)161-101(65(16)168)128(215)162-100(64(15)167)126(213)147-70(30-22-26-46-133)109(196)150-79(50-93(185)186)117(204)149-77(47-55(2)3)116(203)142-69(29-21-25-45-132)108(195)144-73(33-39-88(175)176)110(197)141-67(27-19-23-43-130)106(193)140-68(28-20-24-44-131)107(194)145-75(35-41-90(179)180)113(200)157-97(58(8)9)124(211)158-96(57(6)7)122(209)148-74(34-40-89(177)178)111(198)143-71(31-37-86(171)172)105(192)136-61(12)103(190)139-72(32-38-87(173)174)112(199)153-81(129(216)217)48-85(134)170/h55-65,67-84,95-101,163-168H,18-54,130-133H2,1-17H3,(H2,134,170)(H,135,189)(H,136,192)(H,137,202)(H,138,169)(H,139,190)(H,140,193)(H,141,197)(H,142,203)(H,143,198)(H,144,195)(H,145,194)(H,146,207)(H,147,213)(H,148,209)(H,149,204)(H,150,196)(H,151,206)(H,152,210)(H,153,199)(H,154,208)(H,155,214)(H,156,191)(H,157,200)(H,158,211)(H,159,201)(H,160,205)(H,161,212)(H,162,215)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)(H,183,184)(H,185,186)(H,187,188)(H,216,217)/t59-,60-,61-,62-,63+,64+,65+,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-/m0/s1
  • Key:NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-ZSUJOUNUSA-N
Data page
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Thymosin α1 is a peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.[1]

It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike β thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin α1 is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment having the sequence Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVEEEAEN, which is made from cleavage of a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin α.[2]

Function

Thymosin α1 is an agonist for toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 9 on both myeloid and dendritic antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating the adaptive immune response.[3]

Thymosin α1 is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands. It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.[4]

Therapeutic application

Thymosin α1 is approved in some countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.[5][6] The synthetic version of Thymosin α1 is known as Thymalfasin and is sold under the brand name Zadaxin.[7]

Thymosin α1 is usually administered by subcutaneous injection.[3]

Clinical studies

Clinical trials suggest thymosin α1 may be useful in cystic fibrosis, septic shock,[8] acute respiratory distress syndrome, peritonitis, pancreatitis,[9] acute cytomegalovirus infection, TB, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and lung infections in critically ill patients.,[6][10] and for chronic hepatitis B.[11][12][13]

For hospitalized COVID-19 patients, a 2023 review concluded thymosin α1 was not effective in reducing mortality or length of hospitalization.[14] A subsequent 2023 review contradicted this, showing a reduction in mortality but not length of stay.[15]

It has been studied for possible use in treating cancer (e.g. with chemotherapy).[16]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manrow RE, Leone A, Krug MS, Eschenfeldt WH, Berger SL (Jul 1992). "The human prothymosin alpha gene family contains several processed pseudogenes lacking deleterious lesions". Genomics. 13 (2): 319–31. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90248-Q. PMID 1612591.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garaci E (September 2007). "Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112: 14–20. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.039. PMID 17567941. S2CID 222082988.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dominari A, Hathaway D, Baralt D (2020). "Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature". World Journal of Virology. 9 (5): 67–78. doi:10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67. PMC 7747025. PMID 33362999.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wara DW, Goldstein AL, Doyle NE, Ammann AJ (January 1975). "Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency". N. Engl. J. Med. 292 (2): 70–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM197501092920204. PMID 1078552.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garaci E, Favalli C, Pica F, et al. (September 2007). "Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1112 (1): 225–34. Bibcode:2007NYASA1112..225G. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.044. PMID 17600290. S2CID 28283520.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goldstein AL, Goldstein AL (May 2009). "From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1". Expert Opin Biol Ther. 9 (5): 593–608. doi:10.1517/14712590902911412. PMID 19392576. S2CID 71893579.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Quagliata M, Papini AM, Rovero P (2023). "Therapeutic applications of thymosin peptides: A patent landscape 2018-present". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 33 (12): 865–873. doi:10.1080/13543776.2023.2298833. PMID 38131310.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gu B, Zhou Y, Nie Y, Wang L, Liang L, Liao Z, Wen J, Guan X, Chen M, Wu J, Pei F (2025). "Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 15 1673959. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1673959. PMC 12440967. PMID 40969554.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tian Y, Yao J, Ma Y, Zhang P, Zhou X, Xie W, Tang W (2025). "Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Immunology. 16 1571456. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571456. PMC 12208829. PMID 40599771.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cao A, Feng F, Zhou X (2024). "Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 34 (12): 1497–1507. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2024.12.1497. PMID 39648386.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wu X, Jia J, You H (2015). "Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 15: 129–132. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.1007948. PMID 25640173. S2CID 41148652.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dinetz E, Lee E (2024). "Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 30 (1): 6–12. PMID 38308608.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, Komyakova AM, Makarov DA, Baranovskii DS, Klabukov ID, Telepenina KP, Atiakshin DA, Shegay PV, Kaprin AD, Stepanenko VN (2025). "Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 26 (23) 11470. doi:10.3390/ijms262311470. PMC 12692621. PMID 41373628.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shang W, Zhang B, Li Y (2023). "Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes". International Immunopharmacology. 114 109584. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109584. PMC 9754924. PMID 36527881.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Soeroto AY, Suryadinata H, Yanto TA, Hariyanto TI (2023). "The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression". Inflammopharmacology. 31 (6): 3317–3325. doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01354-2. PMID 37845598.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garaci E, Pica F, Rasi G, Favalli C (2000). "Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application". Int J Immunopharmacol. 22 (12): 1067–76. doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00075-8. PMID 11137613.

Further reading

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