Paryushana

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Paryushan Parva
Also calledParyushan Parva
Observed byJains
Observancesfasting, going to the Jain Temple
DateAugust or September
2026 date8 September (Tue) – 15 September (Tue)[1]
Duration8 days
Related toSamvatsari

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Paryushana is an annual holy event in Jainism and is usually celebrated in August, September, or October in the Hindu calendar month of Bhadrapad's Shukla Paksha.[2] Jains increase their level of spiritual intensity, often using fasting and prayer/meditation to help.[3][4] The five main vows are emphasized during this time.[citation needed] There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their abilities and desires. However, the conduct of ascetics and lay-followers during the festival is largely governed by the Paryushana-Kalpa within Bhadrabāhu's Kalpa Sūtra.[5] The event lasts for eight days and ends with the celebration of Script error: No such module "Lang". (forgiveness day).

Meaning

The word "Script error: No such module "Lang"." means "abiding and coming together". It is a time when the Jains take on vows of study and fasting.[6][7]

Observances

Jains observe Paryushana for eight days.[7][8] Almost all Jains see participation in Paryushana as a duty.[9]

Sermons

During the first three days, sermons are based on the Paryushana Stahnika Vyakhyana, explaining the duties of Paryushana and annual duties. Explanations draw on stories of exemplary figures in Jain history.[10]

The five duties of Paryushana are not killing, affection for fellow Jains, statement of annulling faults in the past year, a three-day fast, and pilgrimage.[11]

Starting on the fourth day, ascetics of the Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka tradition recite the Kalpa Sūtra, which includes a recitation of the section on the birth of Mahavira on the fifth day. Some Śvetāmbaras recite the Antagada Sutra, which details the life of 90 great men and women who attained moksha during the eras of the 22nd Tirthankar Neminatha and 24th Tirthankar Mahavira.[4]

Fasting

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During Paryushana, Jains usually observe a fast. The span of the fast can last from a day to 30 days or more. In Śvetāmbara tradition, śrāvakas (laypeople) fast by having only boiled water that may be consumed between sunrise and sunset only.[12]

Requesting forgiveness

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". At the conclusion of the festival, śrāvakas request each other for forgiveness for all offenses committed during the last year.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[12] Forgiveness is asked for by saying "Micchami Dukkadam" to each other. This translates to: "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought word or deed, then I seek your forgiveness".[13]

Date

The date for Paryushana is Bhadra shukla panchami. For this duration, Paryushana must be initiated by panchami (the fifth day) of the shukla paksha phase of Bhadra. The last day is called Samvatsari, short for Samvatsari Pratikramana. Due to computational and other differences, there can be some minor differences among various sects. It comes at the time when the wandering monks take up temporary residence for the monsoon period or "cāturmāsa" ("four-month"). Because at this time the monks have settled in the town for a longer duration, it is time for the householders to have an annual renewal of the faith by listening to the statement of the Dharma and through meditation and vratas (self-control). Śvetāmbaras celebrate an eight-day festival that ends with Bhadrapada shukla chaturthi.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

It is believed that the devas (heavenly beings) do an eight-part puja (worship) of the tirthankaras, which takes eight days. Śvetāmbara Jains celebrate this period as Paryushana.

Closure

Slaughter houses are kept closed for one to eight days during the Paryushana festival in Indian states that have a large Jain population, including Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.[14] On 14 March 2008, the Supreme Court held that the ban on slaughterhouses in Ahmedabad during Paryushan festival was legal. The court noted:[2]

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In a multi-cultural country like ours with such diversity, one should not be over sensitive and over touchy about a short restriction when it is being done out of respect for the sentiments of a particular section of society. It has been stated above that the great Emperor Akbar himself used to remain a vegetarian for a few days every week out of respect for the vegetarian section of the Indian society and out of respect for his Hindu wife. We too should have similar respect for the sentiments for others, even if they are a minority sect. (para 74)

See also

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References

Citations

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."YJA Calendar".
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Katju, Justice Markandey (14 March 2008), Supreme Court Judgement regarding Closure of Slaughter houses during Paryushan, The Supreme Court of India[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roy, Christian (2005), Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 356, ISBN 1-57607-089-1
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dhanpal Jain (4 September 2008), "Paryushan Parva, festival of forgiveness", The Times of India
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jacobi, Herman. "Kalpa Sutra".
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jain festival of Paryushan finds many admirers", The Times of India, 1 September 2016
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Paryushana and the Festival of Forgiveness | The Pluralism Project". pluralism.org. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jains pray for peace, brotherhood", The Hindu, 13 September 2007, archived from the original on 7 November 2012
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Preeti Srivastav (31 August 2008). "Request for Forgiveness". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.POKHAREL, KRISHNA (11 September 2015). "Why Mumbai Is Banning Meat This Weekend". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 September 2015.

Sources

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