Viral disease

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Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
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Types of viral diseases
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CausesVirus
MedicationAntiviral drugs

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A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1] Virosis is a disease or infection caused by a virus.[2]

Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies.[3]

Structural characteristics

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands for SARS-CoV-1 or COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

Pragmatic rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

Baltimore group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I[5][6] Adenovirus[5][6] N[5][6]
Herpesviridae I[5][6] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[7][8][9] Y[5][6]
Papillomaviridae I[5][10] Human papillomavirus[5][10] N[5][10]
Polyomaviridae I[5][11] BK virus, JC virus[5][11] N[5][11]
Poxviridae I[5][6] Smallpox[5][6] Y[5][6]
Parvoviridae II[5][6] Parvovirus B19[5][6] N[5][6]
Reoviridae III[12] Rotavirus,[12] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[6]
Astroviridae IV[13] Human astrovirus[6] N[6]
Caliciviridae IV[12] Norwalk virus[6] N[6]
Coronaviridae IV[14] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[6] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y[6]
Flaviviridae IV[5][6][15] Hepatitis C virus,[5] yellow fever virus,[5] dengue virus,[5] West Nile virus,[5] TBE virus,[6] Zika virus Y[5][6]
Hepeviridae IV[16] Hepatitis E virus[6] N[6][16]
Matonaviridae IV[5][6][17] Rubella virus[5][18] Y[5][6]
Picornaviridae IV[19] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[6] rhinovirus N[6]
Arenaviridae V[20] Lassa virus[6][20] Y[6][20]
Bunyaviridae V[21] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[6] Y[6][21]
Filoviridae V[22] Ebola virus,[22] Marburg virus[22] Y[6]
Orthomyxoviridae V[5][23] Influenza virus[5][23] Y[5][23]
Paramyxoviridae V[24] Measles virus,[5] Mumps virus,[5] Parainfluenza virus[5][6] Y[5][24]
Pneumoviridae V [25] Respiratory syncytial virus[5] Y[5]
Rhabdoviridae V[26] Rabies virus[5][6] Y[5][6]
Unassigned[27] V[27] Hepatitis D[27] Y[27]
Retroviridae VI[5][28] HIV[5][6] Y[5][6]
Hepadnaviridae VII[5] Hepatitis B virus[5][6] Y[5][6]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[5]
  • fecal-oral[5]
  • venereal[5]
  • direct eye contact[5]
 None[5]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[5]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[5]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[5]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual[34]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[5]
  • safe sex[5]
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[5] such as protease inhibitors[36] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[36]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[5]
  • blood product screening[5]
  • safe sex[5]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[5]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[5]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None[5]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[5]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[5]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None[5]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[5]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[5]
  • hand washing[5]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[5]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[5]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[5]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[5]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

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