ʼPhags-pa script

ʼPhags-pa ꡏꡡꡃꡣꡡꡙꡐꡜꡞ ḥPTemplate:Aynags-pa
Christian tombstone from Quanzhou dated 1314, with inscription in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script ꡖꡟꡃ ꡚꡦ ꡗꡃ ꡚꡞ ꡏꡟ ꡈꡓ (-ung shė yang shi mu taw) 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
Period	1269 – c. 1660
Direction
Languages	Chinese Mongolian Persian Sanskrit Tibetan Uyghur
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta Tibetan ʼPhags-pa
Child systems	Zanabazar's square
Sister systems	Lepcha, Meitei, Khema, Marchen, Tamyig script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Phag (331), ​Phags-pa
Unicode
Unicode alias	Phags-pa
Unicode range	U+A840–U+A87F

The Phagspa (/ˈpɑːɡzˌpɑː/ ), Template:HamzaPhags-pa or ḥPTemplate:Aynags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) for Kublai Khan (r. 1264–1294), the founder of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) in China, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

The script was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, probably Persian, and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era. For historical linguists, its use provides clues about changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. During the Pax Mongolica the script even made numerous appearances in Western medieval art.

Nomenclature

Template:Rewrite section Template:HamzaPhags-pa script: ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡡꡙ ꡐꡜꡞ Template:Translit "Mongolian script";

Template:Langx Template:Translit, ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ
ᠦᠰᠦᠭ dörbelǰin üsüg "square script"; Template:Translit, ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ dörbelǰin bičig "square writing";

Tibetan: ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་, Wylie: Template:Tlit "new Mongolian script";

Yuan dynasty Template:Zh "new Mongolian script"; Template:Zh "national script";

Modern Template:Zh "Template:HamzaPhags-pa script"; Template:Zh;

In English, it is also written as ḥPTemplate:Aynags-pa, Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.

History

During the Mongol Empire, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet was not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would have been impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa|Template:HamzaPhags-pa]] to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. Template:HamzaPhags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin. The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script", based on their shape, but today, are primarily known as the Template:HamzaPhags-pa alphabet.

Descending from Tibetan script, it is part of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari and scripts used throughout Southeast Asia and Central Asia. It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written from top to bottom, as how classical Chinese used to be written, and as the Mongolian alphabet or later Manchu alphabet is still written.

It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s, when the Red Turban Rebellion started. After this, it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. In the 20th century, it was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency, as a script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.

Syllable formation

Although it is an alphabet, Template:HamzaPhags-pa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.

File:The Edict of Toghon-Temür Qaghan (1362).jpg

An imperial edict in Template:HamzaPhags-pa

File:Phagspa styles.png

The Template:HamzaPhags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.

Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third: Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)

Bottom: The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)

File:Shilin Guangji Phagspa Hundred Family Surnames.jpg

Example of the Chinese poem Hundred Family Surnames written in Phagspa script, from Shilin Guangji written by Chen Yuanjing in the Yuan dynasty

Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all Template:HamzaPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order C–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making Template:HamzaPhags-pa transitional between an abugida, a syllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a Template:HamzaPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.

Typographic forms

Template:HamzaPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (Template:Zh; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with squared sinusoidal lines and spirals. This Template:HamzaPhags-pa script is different from the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of Wanli Emperor. According to Professor Junast 照那斯图 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later Template:HamzaPhags-pa script is actually a seal script of Tibetan.

Korean records state that Hangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be Template:HamzaPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name Template:Zh (see origin of Hangul). However, it is the simpler standard form of Template:HamzaPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to Hangul.

Letters

Basic letters

The following 41 are the basic Template:HamzaPhags-pa letters.

Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter ཁ Template:Translit, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) ྭ Template:Translit (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter ཁྭ Template:Translit).

As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter ꡀ with no attached vowel represents the syllable Template:Translit, but with an appended vowel ꡞ Template:Translit represents the syllable ꡀꡞ Template:Translit).

Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan vowel sign ཻ Template:Translit.

Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script initial vowels other than ꡝ Template:Translit may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. Template:Translit) or a digraph (e.g. Template:Translit and Template:Translit). Thus in Chinese Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the syllables Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit and Template:Translit Template:Translit occur, and in Mongolian Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the words Template:Translit "boats", Template:Translit (gen.) "water", Template:Translit "now" and Template:Translit "protection" occur. These are all examples of where Template:Translit, Template:Translit, Template:Translit, Template:Translit etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word Template:Translit "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter ꡦ Template:Translit is never found in an initial position in any language written in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur Template:Translit with the Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter ꡦ Template:Translit, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter ꡠ Template:Translit instead).

However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the syllables Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit and Template:Translit Template:Translit occur; and in Mongolian Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the words Template:Translit "not" and Template:Translit "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel Template:Translit, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an Template:Translit vowel must also use the null base consonant letter ꡝ Template:Translit (e.g. Mongolian Template:Translit "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant ꡖ Template:Translit may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).

No.	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Tibetan derivation	Mongolian examples	Chinese examples
1	Template:Letter	ཀ	Used only for words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit "aeon" [cf. Mongolian ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ Template:Translit], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word Template:Translit "large, great" [cf. Mongolian ᠶᠡᠬᠡ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
2	Template:Letter	ཁ	Template:Translit "who" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠡᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
3	Template:Letter	ག	Template:Translit "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
4	Template:Letter	ང	Template:Translit "heaven" [cf. Mongolian ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
5	Template:Letter	ཅ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
6	Template:Letter	ཆ	Template:Translit "white" [cf. Mongolian ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
7	Template:Letter	ཇ	Template:Translit "year" [cf. Mongolian ᠵᠢᠯ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit
8	Template:Letter	ཉ		Template:Translit Template:Translit
9	Template:Letter	ཏ	Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit (also Template:Translit) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ Template:Translit] and Template:Translit "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
10	Template:Letter	ཐ	Template:Translit "each, all" [cf. Mongolian ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
11	Template:Letter	ད	Template:Translit (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
12	Template:Letter	ན	Template:Translit "our" [cf. Mongolian ᠮᠠᠨᠤ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
13	Template:Letter	པ	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
14	Template:Letter	ཕ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
15	Template:Letter	བ	Template:Translit "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠠᠰᠠ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
16	Template:Letter	མ	Template:Translit "living beings" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
17	Template:Letter	ཙ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
18	Template:Letter	ཚ	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit "religion"	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
19	Template:Letter	ཛ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
20	Template:Letter	ཝ	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit "Vajrapāṇi"	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
21	Template:Letter	ཞ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
22	Template:Letter	ཟ	Only found in the single word Template:Translit "month" [cf. Mongolian ᠰᠠᠷᠠ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
23	Template:Letter	འ	This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. Template:Translit (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ Template:Translit], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. Template:Translit "Christians" and Template:Translit "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠨ Template:Translit] (where Template:Translit is a contraction for the hypothetical Template:Translit)	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
24	Template:Letter	ཡ	Template:Translit "eighty" [cf. Mongolian ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
25	Template:Letter	ར	Template:Translit "army" [cf. Mongolian ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ Template:Translit]
26	Template:Letter	ལ	Template:Translit "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠯᠪᠠ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
27	Template:Letter	ཤ	Template:Translit "new" [cf. Mongolian ᠱᠢᠨᠡ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
28	Template:Letter	ས	Template:Translit "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠴᠦᠰ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
29	Template:Letter	ཧ	Initially in words that now have null initials, such as Template:Translit "ten" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ Template:Translit], and medially only in the single word Template:Translit (or Template:Translit) "protector, guardian"	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
30	Template:Letter	ཨ	Template:Translit "not" [cf. Mongolian ᠦᠯᠦ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
31	Template:Letter	ི	Template:Translit (or Template:Translit) "protection"	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
32	Template:Letter	ུ	Template:Translit (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian ᠤᠰᠤᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
33	Template:Letter	ེ	Template:Translit "now" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
34	Template:Letter	ོ	Template:Translit "boats" [cf. Mongolian ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
35	Template:Letter	ཁ	Template:Translit "all" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ Template:Translit]
36	Template:Letter	ཁྭ	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as Template:Translit "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ Template:Translit]	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
37	Template:Letter	ཧྭ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
38	Template:Letter	ག
39	Template:Letter	ཻ	Template:Translit "various" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ Template:Translit] (Poppe reads this word as Template:Translit, as the only example of an initial ꡦ Template:Translit)	Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
40	Template:Letter	ྭ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit
41	Template:Letter	ྱ		Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit, Template:Translit Template:Translit

Additional letters

No.	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Tibetan derivation	Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples
42	Template:Letter	ཊ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 6]
43	Template:Letter	ཋ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 8] (TTHA plus unreversed I) Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [ Line 16] (TTHA plus reversed I) Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [ Line 10] (TTHA plus reversed E)
44	Template:Letter	ཌ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [ Line 14] Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.4 Line 7] (DDA plus reversed HA)
45	Template:Letter	ཎ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 3] Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 6] (NNA plus reversed I) Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [ Line 2] (NNA plus reversed U) Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.4 Line 5] (NNA plus reversed E) Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [ Line 13] (NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)
46	Template:Letter	ྲ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 2] Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 9] Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 9] Template:Translit (Tibetan Template:Translit "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5]
47	Template:Letter	ར	Template:Translit (Tibetan Template:Translit "Buddha") [Ill.6]
48	Template:Letter	ྃ	Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 2] Template:Translit (Sanskrit ) [Ill.3 Line 9]

Menggu Ziyun

Following are the initials of the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script as presented in Menggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.

36 initials in Menggu Ziyun

No.	Name	Phonetic value	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Template:HamzaPhags-pa Initial	Notes
1	Template:Translit	*[k]	ꡂ	Template:Translit
2	Template:Translit	*[kʰ]	ꡁ	Template:Translit
3	Template:Translit	*[ɡ]	ꡀ	Template:Translit
4	Template:Translit	*[ŋ]	ꡃ	Template:Translit
5	Template:Translit	*[t]	ꡊ	Template:Translit
6	Template:Translit	*[tʰ]	ꡉ	Template:Translit
7	Template:Translit	*[d]	ꡈ	Template:Translit
8	Template:Translit	*[n]	ꡋ	Template:Translit
9	Template:Translit	*[ʈ]	ꡆ	Template:Translit
10	Template:Translit	*[ʈʰ]	ꡅ	Template:Translit
11	Template:Translit	*[ɖ]	ꡄ	Template:Translit
12	Template:Translit	*[ɳ]	ꡇ	Template:Translit
13	Template:Translit	*[p]	ꡎ	Template:Translit
14	Template:Translit	*[pʰ]	ꡍ	Template:Translit
15	Template:Translit	*[b]	ꡌ	Template:Translit
16	Template:Translit	*[m]	ꡏ	Template:Translit
17	Template:Translit	*[p̪]	ꡤ	Template:Translit	Normal form of the letter Template:Translit
18	Template:Translit	*[p̪ʰ]	ꡰ	Template:Translit	Variant form of the letter Template:Translit
19	Template:Translit	*[b̪]	ꡤ	Template:Translit	Normal form of the letter Template:Translit
20	Template:Translit	*[ɱ]	ꡓ	Template:Translit	Represents [v]
21	Template:Translit	*[ts]	ꡒ	Template:Translit
22	Template:Translit	*[tsʰ]	ꡑ	Template:Translit
23	Template:Translit	*[dz]	ꡐ	Template:Translit
24	Template:Translit	*[s]	ꡛ	Template:Translit
25	Template:Translit	*[z]	ꡕ	Template:Translit
26	Template:Translit	*[tɕ]	ꡆ	Template:Translit
27	Template:Translit	*[tɕʰ]	ꡅ	Template:Translit
28	Template:Translit	*[dʑ]	ꡄ	Template:Translit
29	Template:Translit	*[ɕ]	ꡮ	Template:Translit	Variant form of the letter Template:Translit
30	Template:Translit	*[ʑ]	ꡚ	Template:Translit	Normal form of the letter Template:Translit
31	Template:Translit	*[x]	ꡜ	Template:Translit	Normal form of the letter Template:Translit
32	Template:Translit	*[ɣ]	ꡣ	Template:Translit
			ꡯ	Template:Translit	Variant form of the letter Template:Translit
33	Template:Translit	*[ʔ]	ꡖ	Template:Translit	glottal stop
			ꡗ	Template:Translit	Normal form of the letter Template:Translit
34	Template:Translit	*[j]	ꡝ	Template:Translit	null initial
			ꡭ	Template:Translit	Variant form of the letter Template:Translit
35	Template:Translit	*[l]	ꡙ	Template:Translit
36	Template:Translit	*[ɲ]	ꡔ	Template:Translit

Shilin Guangji

The Shilin Guangji used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern pinyin. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the Hundred Family Surnames in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (), meaning gold, is written as ꡂꡞꡏ Template:Translit.

Hundred Family Surnames

Template:Translit
ꡎꡗ ꡂꡨ ꡛꡞꡃ ꡏꡟꡃ ꡂꡟ ꡓꡟꡋ
Bay Gya Sing Mung Gu Wun

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Template:HamzaPhags-pa Spelling	ꡄꡠꡓ Template:Translit	ꡒꡠꡋ Template:Translit	ꡛꡟꡋ Template:Translit	ꡙꡞ Template:Translit	ꡆꡞꡓ Template:Translit	ꡟ Template:Translit	ꡄꡞꡃ Template:Translit	ꡝꡧꡃ Template:Translit	ꡤꡟꡃ Template:Translit	ꡄꡞꡋ Template:Translit
Chinese Character	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit	Template:Translit

Unicode

Template:HamzaPhags-pa script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for Template:HamzaPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:

Phags-pa[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+A84x

ꡀ

ꡁ

ꡂ

ꡃ

ꡄ

ꡅ

ꡆ

ꡇ

ꡈ

ꡉ

ꡊ

ꡋ

ꡌ

ꡍ

ꡎ

ꡏ

U+A85x

ꡐ

ꡑ

ꡒ

ꡓ

ꡔ

ꡕ

ꡖ

ꡗ

ꡘ

ꡙ

ꡚ

ꡛ

ꡜ

ꡝ

ꡞ

ꡟ

U+A86x

ꡠ

ꡡ

ꡢ

ꡣ

ꡤ

ꡥ

ꡦ

ꡧ

ꡨ

ꡩ

ꡪ

ꡫ

ꡬ

ꡭ

ꡮ

ꡯ

U+A87x

ꡰ

ꡱ

ꡲ

ꡳ

꡴

꡵

꡶

꡷

Notes 1.^Template:Unicode version 2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

U+A856 ꡖ PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated using U+A78F ꞏ from the Latin Extended-D Unicode block.

See also

• Brahmic scripts
• Mongolian alphabets
• Origin of hangul
• Mongol elements in Western medieval art
• Menggu Ziyun (Yuan dynasty Template:HamzaPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)
• Shilin Guangji
• Siddhaṃ script

Further reading

• Coblin, W. South (2006). A Handbook of [[:Template:Hamza]]Phags-pa Chinese. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3000-7. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
• Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in Template:HamzaPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-3-88280-074-6.
• Poppe, Nicholas (1957). The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-156980-8.
• Schuh, Dieter (1981). Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in Template:HamzaPhags-pa-Schrift. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-88280-011-1.

External links

• BabelStone: Template:HamzaPhags-pa Script (with free fonts)
• Omniglot: Template:HamzaPhags-pa script
• Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa
• Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan