Sena language
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| Sena | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe |
| Ethnicity | Sena |
Native speakers | 2,869,000 (2017–2020)Template:Ethnologue26 does not exist |
| Dialects |
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| Latin script Mwangwego script | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe (as 'Chibarwe') |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:seh – Mozambiquean Senaswk – Malawian Senabwg – Barwe |
| Glottolog | nucl1396 Nuclear Senamala1475 Malawi Senabarw1243 Barwe |
N.44,441 (N.45,46)[1] | |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Sena is a Bantu language[2] spoken in the four provinces of central Mozambique (Zambezi valley): Tete, Sofala, Zambezia and Manica. There were an estimated 900,000 native Sena speakers in Mozambique in 1997, with at least 1.5 million if including those who speak it as a second language. It is one of the Nyasa languages.
Sena is spoken in several dialects, of which Rue (also called Barwe or Cibalke) and Podzo are divergent. The Sena of Malawi may be a distinct language. Barwe (Chibarwe) has official recognition in Zimbabwe.
Some remarks on Sena tenses can be found in Funnell (2004),[3] Barnes & Funnell (2005)[4] and in Kiso (2012).[5]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | (ɗʲ) | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | p͡f | t͡s | Script error: No such module "IPA". | t͡ʃ | |||
| voiced | b͡v | d͡z | Script error: No such module "IPA". | d͡ʒ | ||||
| aspirated | t͡ʃʰ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sʷ | ʃ | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | zʷ | ʒ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
- Labialized sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". can also be heard as retroflex Script error: No such module "IPA". among different speakers.[6]
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is heard as palatalized Script error: No such module "IPA". when followed by a Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- The following sounds occur as prenasalized when after a homorganic nasal; Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7]
References
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- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Sena". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Funnell, Barry J. (2004)."A Contrastive Analysis of Two Varieties of Sena". MA dissertation, University of South Africa; (Introduction)
- ^ Barnes, Lawrie; Funnell, Barry (2005) "Exploring the cross-border standardisation of Chisena". Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Africa. Vol. 36.
- ^ Kiso, Andrea (2012), "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ngunga, Armindo; Faquir, Osvaldo G. (2012). Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas: Relatório do III Seminário. Maputo.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kishindo, Pascal J.; Lipenga, Allan L. (2007). Parlons Cisena: langue et culture du Mozambique. Paris: L'Harmattan.
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