National Police (France)

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National Police
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MottoScript error: No such module "Lang".[1]
(They are watching for their country)
Agency overview
Formed23 April 1941[2][3] (unification of existing units)
Preceding agencyPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (1944–1966)
Employees154,547 (2021)
Annual budget€12.64 billion (2021)
Jurisdictional structure
National agencyFrance
Operations jurisdictionFrance
Size551,695 km2
Population67.2 million
General naturePage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Operational structure
Overseen byGeneral Directorate of the National Police
HeadquartersParis, France
Minister responsiblePage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Agency executivePage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Parent agencyMinistry of the Interior
Child agencyPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Directorates
List of Directorates
Facilities
Vehicles31,263 (2021)
Helicopters0 (see Sécurité Civile)
Website
www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr Template:In lang
File:General Directorate of the National Police Bastille Day 2013 Paris t111638.jpg
Colour guard of the General Directorate of the National Police, 2013 Bastille Day parade, Paris

The National Police (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".), formerly known as the Script error: No such module "Lang"., is one of two national police forces of France, the other being the National Gendarmerie. The National Police is the country's main civil law enforcement agency, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. By contrast, the National Gendarmerie has primary jurisdiction in smaller towns, as well as in rural and border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,200 employees (as of 2015). Young French citizens can fulfill their optional national service (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the national police force.[4][5]

The national police force was created on 14 August 1941, under the Vichy regime, by a decree signed by the head of government, Philippe Pétain. This decree implements the law of 23 April 1941, creating the Police nationale: the forces of the Sûreté nationale (with the former services of the Sûreté générale, which became the Sûreté nationale in 1934, and the municipal police units, which became "étatisées" for the police forces of towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants) and the police services of the Préfecture de police in Paris are thus united. It was dissolved after the Liberation, by order of the Provisional Government of the French Republic on 16 November 1944. It was revived by Law no. 66-492 of 9 July 1966, on the organization of the police in France. This law unified the Sûreté Nationale and the Préfecture de Police.[6]

The National Police operates mostly in cities and large towns. In that context, it conducts security operations such as patrols, traffic control and identity checks. Under the orders and supervision of investigating magistrates of the judiciary, it conducts criminal inquiries and serves search warrants. It also maintains specific services ('judicial police') for these inquiries.[6]

Organization

The National Police is commanded by the Director-General (Script error: No such module "Lang".), who is currently Louis Laugier. The Director-General is personally in command of the General Directorate of the National Police (Template:Langx) (DGPN) and responsible to the Minister of the Interior.[7]

The Prefect of Police manages the Script error: No such module "Lang". that includes all police and security services in Paris, the three neighbouring departments of the Script error: No such module "Lang". region (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), and the airports of Roissy, Orly and Le Bourget. The Paris Police Prefecture is a separate law enforcement jurisdiction. While its officers belong to the National Police, their chief (the Police Prefect) acts completely independently from the Director-General of the National Police, reporting directly to the French Minister of the Interior. The elevated status of the Paris Police Prefect is also underlined by the fact that he/she is also head of the Île-de-France Defence and Security Zone (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The police forces in the other departments of the Île-de-France region are under the direct command of a Script error: No such module "Lang". (Department Prefect), being himself under the supervision of the Script error: No such module "Lang". as far as the active on-the-field police work is concerned, and under the control of the Director-General for the rest.[8]

The National Police is subdivided into (central) directorates, which are further composed of sub-directorates:

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Central Directorate for Recruitment and Training of the National Police; DCRFPN):[9] formed from the fusion of the former Script error: No such module "Lang". (Directorate of Training of the National Police; DFPN) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Directorate of Administration of the National Police; DAPN). It was established on 1 September 2010 and employs approximately 3 000 people.[10]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (National Directorate of the Judicial Police; DNPJ): charged with all criminal investigations under direction of magistrates. This mission is fulfilled in the Paris area by the Script error: No such module "Lang". which is nicknamed after its address "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (often without the number), and is a metonym for the Police generally; the national headquarters of the PJ, as it is usually called in French, are actually located at 11 rue des Saussaies, within the Ministry of the Interior). The main Sub-Directorates of the Judicial Police are:[11]
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OFAST" (Anti-Narcotics Office): Responsible investigating drug trafficking networks in the country and coordinating national drug control efforts with other agencies such as police and customs.
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "SDLCODS" (Sub-Directorate for Combating Organized Crime and Specialized Delinquency). Includes all the National Investigation Offices specializing in Organized and Financial Crime, except for the National Itinerant Criminality Struggle Office (which falls under the Script error: No such module "Lang".):
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCLCO" (Central Office for Combating Organized Crime): Specializes in investigating armed banditry (kidnapping, murder, robbery and rape) by organized criminal groups.
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCRTEH" (Central Office for the Repression of Human Trafficking): Combats sexual exploitation crimes like sex trafficking and pimping.
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCRFM" (Central Office for the Suppression of Counterfeiting): Investigates counterfeiting of currency and industrial goods (tobacco, branded products).
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCBC" (Central Office for Combating Trafficking in Cultural Goods): Specializes in investigating the theft and trafficking of art and artifacts from foreign archaeological sites.
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCRVP" (Central Office for the Repression of Violence Against Persons): Handles particularly complex cases involving crimes against persons including cold cases, hate crimes, sectarian violence, and crimes committed against French nationals abroad.
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OFMIN" (Office for Minors): Specializes in combating violence against children including school harassment, child pornography, and family sexual violence.
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "SDLCF" (Sub-Directorate for Combating Financial Crime): Consists of two sub-directorates:
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCRGDF" (Central Office for the Repression of Major Financial Crime): Specializes in investigating major money laundering cases.
      • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OCLCIFF" (Central Office for Combating Corruption and Financial and Tax Offenses)
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "SDAT" (Anti-Terrorist Sub-Directorate): elite counter-terrorist task-force.
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "SDPTS" (Sub-directorate of forensics and crime scene investigation)
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "OFAC" (The Office for the Fight Against Cybercrime): Investigates major instances of cyberattacks against computer systems and illegal activities on the dark web.
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". "SCCJ" (Central Racing and Gaming Service): Responsible for enforcing national laws on gambling and handles litigation related to racing and gaming.
    • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Sub-directorate for Strategy and Territorial Management): The newest sub-directorate created on July 1, 2023 whose objective is to promote and implement the policies created by the central and territorial judicial police services, with the goal of improving inter-agency cooperation, coordinating victim support services, and conduct criminological research.[11]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (National Directorate of Public Security; DNSP): Patrol and response duties, misdemeanour investigations, emergency help; this Directorate comprises approximately 80% of the workforce. The DNSP is the National Police's equivalent of the Departmental Gendarmerie.[12]
    • Central apparatus (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • 92 départemental directorates in metropolitan France (sing. Script error: No such module "Lang". (DDSP), followed by the département's number. For example the DDSP 62 is the Departement Public Security Directorate of Pas-de-Calais).[13]
    • The three départements of the Script error: No such module "Lang". region (Seine-Saint-Denis, Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne) were absorbed into the Paris Police Prefecture by Presidential Decree No. 2009-898 of 24 July 2009 and fused into the Proximity Security Directorate of the Parisian Agglomeration (Script error: No such module "Lang". (DSPAP)), which includes four Proximity Security Territorial Directorates (sing. Script error: No such module "Lang". (DTSP)): DTSP 75 for the city of Paris; DTSP 92 in Nanterre for Hauts-de-Seine; DTSP 93 in Bobigny for Seine-Saint-Denis and DTSP 94 in Créteil for Val-de-Marne.
    • 7 overseas directorates: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Mayotte.
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (National Directorate of Border Police; DNPAF): performs identity checks with "La douane française" (official name: Direction générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects) and handles illegal immigration.[14]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (General Inspectorate of the National Police, IGPN): headed by the Inspector General and responsible for internal affairs. In the Paris Area, these tasks are assigned to a dedicated service—the Script error: No such module "Lang". (General Inspectorate of the Services).[15]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Central Directorate of the Republican Security Companies; DCCRS): riot police, motorway police, and mountain rescue; commonly referred to as the CRS.[16]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Technical International Police Cooperation Service; SCTIP).[17]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Important Persons Protection Service; SDLP): VIP protection for people such as foreign diplomats and also responsible for the protection of the President of the French Republic through the Script error: No such module "Lang"..[18]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Research, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence; RAID) The elite counter-terror unit of the National Police and counterpart to the GIGN of the National Gendarmerie. The commander of RAID also doubles as the chief of the National Police Intervention Force (French abbreviation FIPN). The RAID is headquartered in Bièvres, Essonne, approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of Paris. As it is on standby for deployment nationwide, the primary intervention unit for reaction in Paris is the Script error: No such module "Lang". (BRI-BAC) - the Research and Intervention Brigade of the Paris Police Prefecture's Judicial Police Regional Directorate. The function of the FIPN is that of a coordinating organ between the RAID and the BRI. The RAID used to operate closely with the UCLAT (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Counterterror Coordination Unit). On 27 December 2019 the UCLAT was absorbed into the Script error: No such module "Lang".', the French domestic intelligence and security agency and the latter took over the close co-operation with the RAID.[19]
    • Territorial Detachments. The Central Directorate of Public Security - the National Police's public order uniformed branch had its own tactical intervention units, the Script error: No such module "Lang". (Intervention Groups of the National Police (GIPN)).Between 2016 and 2019 these units were absorbed into the RAID as its territorial detachments (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[20]
      • 10 territorial detachments in metropolitan France: Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Rennes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse;
      • 3 territorial detachments in the French overseas territories: Nouméa in New Caledonia, Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe and Saint-Denis in Réunion.

Former directorates

As of 1 July 2008, the following two National Police directorates:

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Directorate of Territorial Surveillance; DST) – counter-intelligence, counterespionage, counterterrorism
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Central Directorate of General Information; DCRG or RG) – police intelligence, records, research, analysis (and also policing gambling and horse racing, two activities which are now in the hands of the "Service central des courses et jeux" SCCJ, a unit of the Judicial Police) were merged into one single domestic intelligence agency titled the Script error: No such module "Lang". (DCRI). The DCRI was placed directly under the Ministry of the Interior.[21]

Ranks

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The National Police is divided into three corps, in the terminology of the French Civil Service, in ascending order of seniority:[22]

  • The Script error: No such module "Lang". (Management and Enforcement Corps) corresponds approximately to the enlisted and non-commissioned ranks in a military force, or to constables and sergeants in a British-style civil police force.
  • The Script error: No such module "Lang". (Command Corps) corresponds approximately to the lower commissioned ranks of a military force, or the grades of inspector and chief inspector in a British-style civil police force. These ranks were previously known as Script error: No such module "Lang". if detectives or Script error: No such module "Lang". if uniformed, although CRS officers always used the current ranks.
  • The Script error: No such module "Lang". (Conception and Direction Corps) corresponds approximately to the higher commissioned ranks of a military force, or to grades of Superintendent and chief officers in a British-style civil police force.

All the ranks insignia may be worn either on the shoulders or on the chest. In the latter they are square-shaped.

Prior to 1995 two civilian corps ("Script error: No such module "Lang"." and "Script error: No such module "Lang".") existed in which plainclothes officers were given the training and authority to conduct investigations. The closest American equivalent is the detective branch.

Requirements

Admission requirements for the competition:[23]

  • 35 years old maximum on January 1st of the competition year
  • Bachelor's degree or equivalent
  • French nationality
  • Clean criminal record
  • Good physical condition, good moral standing

The entrance exam has 3 stages:

To pass the entrance exam, you must pass several tests: the eligibility test, the pre-admission test and the admission test.

The eligibility test consists of written exams (general knowledge, solving a practical case, law and criminal procedure tests). If this test is passed, you must then take the pre-admission tests (physical exercise tests), and if this stage is completed, the competition will end with the admission test (psychotechnical tests, interview with the jury).

Once accepted, the paid training for police officers at the police academy lasts 18 months.

Equipment

Weapons

File:DCB-Shooting SIG-SAUER 2022.jpg
SP 2022, the present standard issued sidearm of French police officers
File:Intervention of a police team in Paris region - 2020-09-20.jpg
Intervention in 2020 of a police team in Courbevoie. Policemen are equipped with tasers.

Prior to the Second World War and the formation of the Police Nationale, the French police used a variety of side arms, both revolvers and semi-automatic pistols, notably comprising the MAS 1873, the MAS 1892, the FN M1900, Ruby pistols, and a variety of privately purchased weapons.

Immediately after the Second World War, a variety of military side arms were issued, often captured weapons provided by the Army or French-produced German-designed weapons, such as the Mauser HSc or the Walther P38 for sidearms, and the Karabiner 98k rifle, to the now unified national force.

In 1951, a standardisation was performed on the RR 51 pistol[24] in 7.65×17mm and on the MAS-38 and MAT-49 for submachine guns. From 1953, in the context of heightening violence of the Algeria War, CRS units were upgraded to the 9×19mm MAC Mle 1950.

In the early 1960s, large-caliber revolvers were introduced, culminating with the introduction of the Manurhin MR 73 and the Ruger SP101. In the 80s, a process to standardize revolvers was initiated. The 1970s also saw the introduction of automatic rifles and carbines (such as the SIG SG 543) to fend off heavily armed organised crime and terrorism.

In the 2000s, the police started switching to semi-automatic pistols and to the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. For some years, the standard sidearm in the National Police and the Gendarmerie Nationale was the PAMAS G1, which was French licensed and made. In 2003 both agencies made the biggest small arms contract since the Second World War[25] for about 250,000 SIG Sauer Pro SP 2022s, a custom-tailored variant of the SIG Pro, replacing the PAMAS-G1 and several other pistols in service. The weapons are planned to stay in service until the year 2022, hence the weapon name. The police purchased more pistols in late 2018 possibly indicating they intend them to be used beyond 2022.[26][27]

For greater threats the police use slightly modified Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifles purchased in the 1970s.[28] More modern long guns like the Remington 870 shotgun, H&K UMP submachine gun and the FAMAS & H&K G36 select fire assault rifles are also issued to certain tactical units.[29][30] Some of the elite Gendarme and National Police units like RAID and SDAT have adopted short-barreled rifle (SBR) versions of the French Army's newest assault rifle, the HK416F.[31]

File:HK416.jpg
Heckler & Koch HK416.

Cars

While the vast majority of vehicles are screen printed French brands (mainly Renault, Citroën and Peugeot), some service vehicles are provided by Ford and Opel.[32] Plainclothes officers or specialised branches use vehicles from a variety of manufacturers. Highway patrol units also began using Alpine 110s in 2021.[33]

Injured and killed

In the line of duty

According to data from the Ministry of the Interior released in 2021, the number of police officers killed in the line of duty has significantly decreased since the 1980s. Indeed, 36 police officers died while on duty in the 2010s, compared with 88 in the 1980s[34].

Deaths caused by the French National Police

In France, the Inspectorate General of the National Police has recorded individuals killed or injured during police operations since 2018[35].

The collective "Désarmons-les" maintains a list of people killed by law enforcement since 2012. They record 437 deaths.[36] Most of the victims are racialized, particularly Black and Arab[37], which some analysts perceive as institutionalized racism[38]. The number of deaths is increasing, with 2024 being a particularly deadly year[39][40]. This phenomenon is exacerbated by police impunity.[41]

Film

Television series

  • Maigret (various television series)
  • The Last Five Minutes (Les cinq dernières minutes) (1958–1996)
  • Navarro (1989–2005)
  • Commissaire Moulin (1976–2006)
  • Police Judiciaire/P.J. (1997–2009)
  • La Crim' (1999–2006)
  • Commissaire Magellan (2009–)
  • Les Cordier juge et flic (1992–2003)
  • Commissaire Cordier (2004–2007)
  • Julie Lescaut (1991–2014)
  • Falco (2013–2016)
  • Commissaire Valence (2002–2008)
  • Engrenages (2005-)
  • Profilage (2009-2020)
  • The Crimson Rivers (Les Rivières Pourpres) (2018-2020)
  • HPI (TV series) (2021-)

See also

References

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  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Loi du 23 avril 1941 portant organisation générale des services de police en France". criminocorpus.org (in français). 13 March 2008.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Histoire" [History]. Police Nationale (in français). Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."France begins trial of compulsory civic service for teens". France 24. 16 June 2019.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Williamson, Lucy (26 June 2019). "France's raw recruits sign up for return of national service". BBC News.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Verbeurgt, Joris (13 December 2019). "Police and Paramilitary Forces in France". ESD - European Security & Defence. Mittler Report Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
  7. ^ [1] Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Les missions du préfet de Police" [The duties of the Prefect of Police]. Préfecture de Police (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 13 October 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Direction des Ressources et des Compétences de la Police Nationale / Organisation - Police nationale - Ministère de l'Intérieur" (in français). Interieur.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Olech, Aleksander (2022). "French and Polish fight against terrorism". Poznan. p. 89.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sainte, Christian (13 July 2023). "La direction nationale de la police judiciaire (DNPJ)" [The National Directorate of the Judicial Police (DNPJ)]. Police Nationale (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."La direction nationale de la sécurité publique (DNSP)" [The National Directorate of Public Security (DNSP)]. Police Nationale (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Direction de la coopération internationale (ministère de l'Intérieur)" [Directorate of International Cooperation (Ministry of the Interior)]. France Archives (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Groupe de sécurité de la présidence de la République (GSPR)" [Presidential Security Group (GSPR)]. National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 31 March 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Le RAID (recherche, assistance, intervention, dissuasion)" [RAID (search, assistance, intervention, deterrence)]. Police Nationale (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Groupes d'intervention de la Police nationale (GIPN)" [National Police Intervention Groups (GIPN)]. Police Nationale (in French). Ministre de l'Intérieur. 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Official announcement of the DCRI's launch on the website of the French Ministry of the Interior". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Arrêté du 9 décembre 2019 relatif aux insignes et uniformes des personnels de la police nationale" [Order of 9 December 2019 relating to the insignia and uniforms of the personnel of the national police]. JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE. No. 0288. Republic of France. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
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  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.F., Nathaniel (24 September 2016). "BREAKING: French Defense Procurement Department CONFIRMS Heckler & Koch HK416 Win for French Rifle Contract". The Firearm Blog. © 2026 TheFirearmBlog.com. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police Nationale and Police of France.

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