Protohistory
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Protohistory is the period between prehistory and written history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures that have developed writing have noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings.
Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters, as they can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a nonliterate group are also studied as protohistoric situations.
The term can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, the Yayoi,[1] recorded by the Chinese, and the Mississippian groups, recorded by early European explorers, are protohistoric.
Use of term
In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe, an article by archaeologist Timothy Taylor states,[2]
For other examples, see also the writings of Brian M. Fagan on the protohistory of North America,[3] and the work of Muhammed Abdul Nayeem on that of the Arabian Peninsula.[4]
Chronology
As with prehistory, determining when a culture may be considered prehistoric or protohistoric is sometimes difficult for anthropologists. Data varies considerably from culture to culture, region to region, and even from one system of reckoning dates to another.
In its simplest form, protohistory follows the same chronology as prehistory and is based on the technological advancement of a particular people with regard to metallurgy:
- Copper Age, or Chalcolithic
- The Bronze Age
- The Iron Age
Civilizations and peoples
The best-known protohistoric civilizations and ethnic groups are those for whom the term was originally coined: the barbarian tribes mentioned by European and Asian writers. Many protohistoric peoples also feature in prehistory and in history:
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See also
- Ancient history
- Template:Annotated link, recorded in Sumerian records, possibly identical with the Indus civilisation
- The Collection of Pre- and Protohistoric Artifacts at the University of Jena
References
- ^ Bahn, Paul (ed.) The Penguin Archaeology Guide Penguin Books Ltd (29 Nov 2001) Template:ISBN p. 368
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taylor, Timothy (1994). "Thracians, Scythians and Dacians". In Cunliffe, Barry (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 373–410. ISBN 978-0-19-814385-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fagan, Brian (2005). Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28532-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nayeem, Muhammed Abdul, ed. (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula (5 volumes). Hyderabad: Hyderabad Pub.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Alani". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Herodotus. "The Histories". Sacred Texts.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sultzman, Lee. "Erie". Dick Shovel.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Gaul - World History Encyclopedia". World History Encyclopedia.
- ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). Max Knight (ed.). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01596-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kōzō, Yamamura; John Whitney Hall (1997). The Cambridge history of Japan. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mid-America : an historical review". Internet Archive. p. 228. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Where are the Susquehannock". The Susquehannock Fire Ring. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
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