Provençal dialect

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Provençal
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Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (classical norm)
Native toFrance, Italy, Monaco
Native speakers
(350,000 cited 1990)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3prv (retired); subsumed in oci
Glottologprov1235
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LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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IETFoc-provenc[2]
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Subdialects of the Provençal dialect with the exception of Gavòt in France and Cisalpine in Italy.

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Provençal (/ˌprɒvɒ̃ˈsɑːl/, Page Module:IPA/styles.css has no content.also UK: /-sæl/,[3] Page Module:IPA/styles.css has no content.US: /ˌproʊ-, -vən-/, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a variety of Occitan,[4][5] spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard. The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence.[6][7] However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this is going out of use.[8]

Provençal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature, when Old French or the Script error: No such module "Lang". was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus, the ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro].

In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard.[9]

Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as a full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities.

Subdialects

The main subdialects of Provençal are:

Gavòt (in French Gavot), spoken in the Western Occitan Alps, around Digne, Sisteron, Gap, Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice, but also in a part of the Ardèche, is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine. So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont, Italy (Val Maira, Val Varaita, Val Stura di Demonte, Entracque, Limone Piemonte, Vinadio, Sestriere).[10] Some people view Gavòt as a variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence.

Orthography

When written in the Mistralian norm ("Script error: No such module "Lang"."), definite articles are Script error: No such module "Lang". in the masculine singular, Script error: No such module "Lang". in the feminine singular and Script error: No such module "Lang". in the masculine and feminine plural (Script error: No such module "Lang". before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains; the feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -o) become -i, and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels.

When written in the classical norm ("Script error: No such module "Lang"."), definite articles are masculine Script error: No such module "Lang". [lu], feminine Script error: No such module "Lang". [la], and plural Script error: No such module "Lang". [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -a) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s.

Comparison of articles and endings between the two norms
English Mistralian norm Classical norm
Singular Masculine the good friend Script error: No such module "Lang".
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Script error: No such module "IPA".
Feminine Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".		 Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".
Plural Masculine the good friends Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".
= Script error: No such module "IPA".		 Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".
= Script error: No such module "IPA".
Feminine Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".
= Script error: No such module "IPA".		 Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA".
= Script error: No such module "IPA".

Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language.

The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for the Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one.[11]

Literature

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Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige, which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel. The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud, Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard. It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont, Pierre Pessemesse, Claude Barsotti, Max-Philippe Delavouët [Wikidata], Philippe Gardy [Wikidata], Florian Vernet [Wikidata], Danielle Julien [Wikidata], Jòrgi Gròs [Wikidata], Sèrgi Bec [Wikidata], Bernat Giély, and many others.

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Provençal dialect at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Occitan (post 1500)". IANA language subtag registry. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  3. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holtus, Günther; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (1991). "Band V/2 Okzitanisch, Katalanisch". Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter / Max Niemeyer Verlag.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Langues régionales". Ministère de la culture (France). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dalby, Andrew (1998). "Occitan". Dictionary of Languages (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  7. ^ On the persistent use of Provençal as a synonym of Occitan see: Constanze WETH. « L'occitan / provençal ». Manuel des langues romanes, Edited by Klump, Andre / Kramer, Johannes / Willems, Aline. DE GRUYTER. 2014. Pages: 491–509. ISBN (Online): 9783110302585
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of PROVENÇAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Deprecated Language Codes". SIL International.
  10. ^ Nòrmas ortogràficas, chausias morfològicas e vocabulari de l'occitan alpin oriental [tèxte imprimit] / Commission internacionala per la normalizacion linguistica de l'occitan alpin, Published by Espaci Occitan, Piemonte, 2008 . - 242. Template:ISBN-PN-01
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Language Subtag registry". IANA. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

References

  • Jules (Jùli) Ronjat, L’ourtougràfi prouvençalo, Avignon: Vivo Prouvènço!, 1908.
  • Robert Lafont, Phonétique et graphie du provençal: essai d’adaptation de la réforme linguistique occitane aux parlers de Provence, Toulouse: Institut d’Études Occitanes, 1951 [2nd ed. 1960]
  • Robèrt Lafont, L’ortografia occitana, lo provençau, Montpellier: Universitat de Montpelhièr III-Centre d’Estudis Occitans, 1972.
  • Jules Coupier, (& Philippe Blanchet) Dictionnaire français-provençal / Diciounàri francés-prouvençau, Aix en Provence: Association Dictionnaire Français-Provençal / Edisud, 1995. (rhodanian dialect)
  • Philippe Blanchet, Le provençal : essai de description sociolinguistique et différentielle, Institut de Linguistique de Louvain, Louvain, Peeters, 1992 (lire en ligne [archive]).
  • Philippe Blanchet, Dictionnaire fondamental français-provençal. (Variété côtière et intérieure), Paris, éditions Gisserot-éducation, 2002.
  • Philippe Blanchet, Découvrir le provençal, un "cas d'école" sociolinguistique [archive], cours en ligne de l'Université Ouverte des Humanités, 2020.
  • Philippe Blanchet, Langues, cultures et identités régionales en Provence. La Métaphore de l’aïoli, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002.
  • Pierre Vouland, Du provençal rhodanien parlé à l'écrit mistralien, précis d'analyse structurale et comparée, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 2005, 206 pages.
  • Alain Barthélemy-Vigouroux & Guy Martin, Manuel pratique de provençal contemporain, Édisud 2006, Template:ISBN

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occitan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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