Kaza
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A kaza (Template:Langx, "judgment" or "jurisdiction")[note 1] was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. It is also discussed in English under the names district,[2] subdistrict,[3][4] and juridical district.[5] Kazas continued to be used by some of the empire's successor states. At present, they are used by Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, and in Arabic discussion of Israel. In these contexts, they are also known by the Arabic name qada, qadā, or qadaa (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang".).
Former use
Ottoman Empire
In the Ottoman Empire, a kaza was originally equivalent to the kadiluk, the district subject to the legal and administrative jurisdiction of a kadi or judge of Islamic law.[6] This usually corresponded to a major city of the empire with its surrounding villages. A small number of kazas made up each sanjak ("banner") under a sanjakbey.[6] Each kaza was in turn made up of one or more nahiyes ("districts") under müdürs[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] and mütesellims and several karyes ("villages") under muhtars.[7]
With the first round of Tanzimat reforms in 1839, the administrative duties of each district's kadi were transferred to a kaymakam ("governor") appointed by the Ministry of the Interior[7] and a treasurer, with the kadis restricted to solely religious and judicial roles.[8] Kazas were further emended and distinguished from the kadiluks under the 1864 Provincial Reform Law, implemented over the following decade as part of efforts by the Porte to establish uniform and rational administration across the empire.[5] The 1871 revisions removed the kazas' responsibility for direct supervision of their villages, placing them all under nearby nahiyes instead.[7]
Mandatory Palestine
The subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine were known as kaza, qada, etc. (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Arabic but as nafa (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Hebrew. The same terms continue to be used in present-day Israel and Palestine.
Syria
Syria used kazas, qadas, etc. as its second-level administrative division after independence but later[when?] renamed them mintaqahs.
Turkey
The Republic of Turkey continued to use kazas until the late 1920s,[when?] when it renamed them subprovinces (Script error: No such module "Lang".).
Current use
Kaza, qada, etc. is also used to refer to the following:
- Districts of Iraq (second-level, below the governorates)
- Districts of Lebanon (second-level, below the governorates)
- Subdistricts of Israel (second-level, below the districts, in Arabic)
- Subdistricts of Jordan (third-level, below the governorates and the districts)
See also
Notes
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- ^ Translations into the languages used by the other ethnicities of the Ottoman Empire,[1] other than those already listed above:
- Modern Turkish and Template:Langx[1]
- Template:Langx (Template:Translit, a calque meaning "borough")[1]
- Template:Langx (Template:Translit, a calque meaning "district")[1] and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Translit)
- Template:Langx
- Template:Langx (Template:Translit, a calque meaning "subprefecture"), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Translit, a calque meaning "people" or "district"),[1] and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Translit)
References
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. (info page on book Script error: No such module "webarchive". at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 41-44 (PDF p. 43-46/338).
- ^ Suraiya Faroqhi. Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources. Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 88. Template:ISBN
- ^ Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. 2nd Ed. Volume 34 of New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 108. Template:ISBN
- ^ Note, however, that this name is often applied to the nahiye level of the Ottoman administration.
- ^ a b Eugene L. Rogan. Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Volume 12 of Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 12. Template:ISBN
- ^ a b Selçuk Akşin Somel. "Kazâ". The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Volume 152 of A to Z Guides. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. p. 151. Template:ISBN
- ^ a b c Gökhan Çetinsaya. The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908. SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East. Routledge, 2006. p. 8-9. Template:ISBN
- ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel. "Kadı". The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Volume 152 of A to Z Guides. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. p. 144-145. Template:ISBN
Template:Arabic terms for country subdivisions Template:Turkish terms for country subdivisions
