Quinarian system
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819.[1] The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees.[2]
Classification approach
Quinarianism gets its name from the emphasis on the number five: it proposed that all taxa are divisible into five subgroups, and if fewer than five subgroups were known, quinarians believed that a missing subgroup remained to be found.[2]
Presumably this arose as a chance observation of some accidental analogies between different groups, but it was erected into a guiding principle by the quinarians. It became increasingly elaborate, proposing that each group of five classes could be arranged in a circle, with those closer together having greater affinities. Typically they were depicted with relatively advanced groups at the top, and supposedly degenerate forms towards the bottom. Each circle could touch or overlap with adjacent circles; the equivalent overlapping of actual groups in nature was called osculation.
Another aspect of the system was the identification of analogies across groups:[3] Template:Quote
Quinarianism was not widely popular outside the United Kingdom (some followers like William Hincks persisted in Canada[4]); it became unfashionable by the 1840s, during which time more complex "maps" were made by Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alfred Russel Wallace. Strickland and others specifically rejected the use of relations of "analogy" in constructing natural classifications.[5] These systems were eventually discarded in favour of principles of genuinely natural classification, namely based on evolutionary relationship.[2][6]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macleay, W. S. (1819). Horae entomologicae: Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. London: S. Bagster.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O'Hara, Robert J. (1988). "Diagrammatic Classifications of Birds, 1819–1901: Views of the Natural System in 19th-Century British Ornithology". In Ouellet, H. (ed.). Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Ottawa: National Museum of Natural Sciences. pp. 2746–59.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O’Hara, Robert J. (1991). "Representations of the natural system in the nineteenth century". Biology and Philosophy. 6 (2): 255–274. doi:10.1007/bf02426840. S2CID 170994228.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coggon, Jennifer (2002). "Quinarianism after Darwin's Origin: The Circular System of William Hincks". Journal of the History of Biology. 35: 5–42. doi:10.1023/a:1014582710287. S2CID 82113739.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strickland, H.E. (1841). "On the true method of discovering the natural system in zoology and botany". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 (36): 184–194. doi:10.1080/03745484009443283.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Panchen, Alec L. (1992). Classification, Evolution, and the Nature of Biology. Cambridge University Press.
