Trifolium pratense

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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Synonyms

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Trifolium pratense (from Latin prātum, meaning meadow), red clover,[2][3] is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the bean family, Fabaceae. It is native to the Old World, but planted and naturalised in many other regions.

Description

Red clover is a herbaceous, short-lived perennial plant, which is generally variable in size, growing to 20–80 cm (8–31 in) tall. It has a deep taproot which makes it tolerant to drought and gives it a good soil structuring effect.[4] The leaves are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), each leaflet Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.15–30 mm (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.8–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) broad, green with a characteristic pale crescent in the outer half of the leaf. The petiole is Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) long, with two basal stipules that are abruptly narrowed to a bristle-like point.

The flowers are dark pink with a paler base, Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.12–15 mm (1⁄2–5⁄8 in) long, produced in a dense inflorescence. In individual flowers, sepals are fused from the base into a hairy calyx tube with 5 teeth. The typical family 5 petals (standard, 2 wings and 2 keel) are also joined together at the base, and are up to 3 times longer than the calyx. The upper of the 10 stamens is free, with the filaments of the 9 other joined into a tube surrounding the style.[5] They are mostly visited by bumblebees.[6]

Cultivated varieties are substantially larger than the wild plants.[7]

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Taxonomy

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Trifolium pratense was initially published by Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum (1753).[8]

The genus has 3 known subspecies:[9]

  • Trifolium pratense subsp. baeticum Template:Au
  • Trifolium pratense subsp. kotulae Template:Au
  • Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense

Distribution

The red clover is native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwest Africa, but it has been naturalised in other continents, like North and South America. Specifically, the red clover was brought to Argentina and Chile over 100 years ago, although it is not clear how exactly it was introduced.[10] Additionally, it has been introduced to New Zealand.[11]

Ecology

File:Bombus schrencki - Trifolium pratense - Keila.jpg
Red clover is a good pollen and nectar source for bumblebees

One important pollinator, which was also brought from Europe, is Bombus ruderatus, or the large garden bumblebee. This bumblebee has been one of the important pollinators of red clover in South America and New Zealand.[11]

Red clover is subject to bacterial as well as fungal diseases, including clover rot,[12] and red clover rust, Uromyces trifolii-repentis var. fallens. Other problems include parasitic nematodes (roundworms) and viruses.[citation needed]

Trifolium pratense's perennial nature affords sustained, reliable growth. Furthermore, the species' ability to fix nitrogen promotes protein rich growth, supporting a wide range of wildlife including deer, turkeys, and rabbits.[citation needed]

Uses

It is widely grown as a fodder crop, valued for its nitrogen fixation, which increases soil fertility. For these reasons, it is used as a green manure crop. Several cultivar groups have been selected for agricultural use, mostly derived from T. pratense var. sativum. It has become naturalised in many temperate areas, including the Americas and Australasia as an escape from cultivation. The red clover has become increasingly important as a source of economic stability in Chile, which has made the need for pollinators even more important.[13]

In India the highest producer of red clover seed is the Agriculture Department of Kashmir's Fodder Seed Production Station Aru.[14] Two red clover accessions were deposited in the National Gene Bank of India in 2019 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[15]

It is also grown as an ornamental plant. Red clover's flowers and leaves are edible, and can be added as garnishes to any dish.[16] They can be ground into a flour.

The flowers often are used to make jelly and tisanes, and are used in essiac recipes. Their essential oil may be extracted and its unique scent used in aromatherapy.

The pink flowers afford high visibility levels and facilitate such attraction and may be used by wildlife remediation teams and conservationists seeking to build wildlife bridges to connect fragmented habitats.[17]

Medicinal uses

In the traditional medicine of India, Trifolium pratense is believed to be a deobstruent, antispasmodic, expectorant, sedative, anti-inflammatory and antidermatosis agent.[18]

In alternative medicine, red clover is promoted as a treatment for a variety of human maladies, including symptoms of menopause, coughs, disorders of the lymphatic system and a variety of cancers. There is some evidence it may reduce the frequency of hot flushes in menopausal women.[19] There is no good evidence it is of any benefit in preventing or treating cancer or any other diseases.[20]

Due to its coumarin derivatives, T. pratense should be used with caution in individuals with coagulation disorders or currently undergoing anticoagulation therapy.[21] It is metabolised by CYP3A4 and therefore caution should be used when taking it with other drugs using this metabolic pathway.[22]

In culture

The red clover became the state flower of Vermont in 1894.[23]Template:R/superscript[24]Template:R/superscript It has also been used as the national flower of Denmark. In 1936 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced it was the national flower as part of an international exhibition taking place in Argentina. However, the choice did not become popular with the public. In 1987 the daisy, specifically either the marguerite daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) or oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), replaced it as the nation's floral emblem.[25][26]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  2. ^ Template:BSBI 2007
  3. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red Clover". extension.psu.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clapham, A. R.; Tutin, T. G.; Warburg, E. F. (1968). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–160.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. hdl:11370/caee8d0d-9724-4056-9d45-93162a5a7afc. PMID 25754608.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rose, Francis; O'Reilly, Clare (2006). The Wild Flower Key. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 274.
  8. ^ p. 768.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Trifolium pratense L." Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rosso, B. S.; Pagano, E. M. (2005-08-01). "Evaluation of Introduced and Naturalised Populations of Red Clover(Trifolium pratense L.) at Pergamino EEA-INTA, Argentina". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52 (5): 507–511. Bibcode:2005GRCEv..52..507R. doi:10.1007/s10722-005-0777-z. ISSN 0925-9864. S2CID 21172324.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morales, Carolina L; Arbetman, Marina P; Cameron, Sydney A; Aizen, Marcelo A (2013-07-15). "Rapid ecological replacement of a native bumble bee by invasive species". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 11 (10): 529–534. Bibcode:2013FrEE...11..529M. doi:10.1890/120321. ISSN 1540-9295. S2CID 86469248.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Öhberg, H.; Bång, U. (2010). "Biological control of clover rot on red clover by Coniothyrium minitans under natural and controlled climatic conditions". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20 (1): 25–36. Bibcode:2010BioST..20...25O. doi:10.1080/09583150903337805. S2CID 85239942.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arretz, P. V.; Macfarlane, R. P. (1986-01-01). "The Introduction of Bombus Ruderatus to Chile for Red Clover Pollination". Bee World. 67 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1080/0005772X.1986.11098855. ISSN 0005-772X.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Director Agriculture Kashmir Choudhary Mohammad Iqbal visited Aru, Pahalgam". Kashmir Mirror. 2022-02-20. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Director Agriculture Kashmir Inaugurates 41 varieties of high yielding Fodder Crops at Fodder Seed Production Farm Aru". Kashmir Mirror. October 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red Clover: Pictures, Flowers, Leaves and Identification | Trifolium pratense". www.ediblewildfood.com. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wildlife Crossings". National Geographic Society. 2019-07-16. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Khare, C. P., 1932–. Berlin: Springer. 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5. OCLC 316267725.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ghazanfarpour M, Sadeghi R, Roudsari RL, Khorsand I, Khadivzadeh T, Muoio B (2016). "Red clover for treatment of hot flashes and menopausal symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis". J Obstet Gynaecol. 36 (3): 301–11. doi:10.3109/01443615.2015.1049249. PMID 26471215. S2CID 1987452.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red Clover". American Cancer Society. November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.W. Abebe (2002). "Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 27 (6): 391–401. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00444.x. PMID 12472978. S2CID 1828900.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red clover (Trifolium pratense) Cautions – Epocrates Online". Online.epocrates.com. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red Clover". Vermont Historical Society. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.VanZandt, Nadie (June 5, 2025). "Red Clover: State Flower of Vermont". University of Vermont Extension. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Other National Symbols". Embassy of Denmark, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nationalplanter og -dyr" [Nationalplants and -animals] (in dansk). Naturstyrelsen, Danish Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2019.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:Template:If then show|Template:If then show]].

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Wikiversity has bloom time data for Trifolium pratense on the Bloom Clock

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