Robert Whittaker (ecologist)
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Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active from the 1950s to the 1970s. He was the first to propose the five kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1969.[1][2] He also proposed the Whittaker Biome Classification, which categorized biome types upon two abiotic factors: temperature and precipitation. He proposed the concepts of Alpha diversity, Beta diversity, and Gamma diversity.[3][4]
Whittaker was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1974, received the Ecological Society of America's Eminent Ecologist Award in 1981, and was otherwise widely recognized and honored. He collaborated with many other ecologists including George Woodwell (Dartmouth), W. A. Niering, F. H. Bormann (Yale), and G. E. Likens (Cornell), and was particularly active in cultivating international collaborations.[5]
Early life
Born in Wichita, Kansas, he obtained a B.A. at Washburn Municipal College (now Washburn University) in Topeka, Kansas, and, following military service, his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Illinois in 1948.[5]
Career
Whittaker held teaching and research positions at Washington State College in Pullman, Washington from 1948 to 1951, and then moved Hanford Laboratories Aquatic Biology Unit near Richland, Washington.[5] In 1954, he was hired as an instructor in the Department of Biology of Brooklyn College, the City University of New York. In the 1960s, he worked at the University of California, Irvine and Cornell University.[5]
Early Career Challenges and Disputes
Despite his ultimate prominence, Whittaker's early academic life faced immense systemic opposition. Following his radical critiques of Frederic Clements' widely accepted climax theory, he was dismissed from his very first teaching position at Washington State College. Furthermore, institutional pushback against his individualistic species concept caused him to struggle for six consecutive years to officially publish his doctoral dissertation monograph on the Great Smoky Mountains. He persisted through these challenges, and his work was eventually features in Ecological Monographs in 1956.[6]
Whittaker Biome Classification
Whittaker developed a widely adopted global biome classification framework that categorized large-scale ecosystems based on two core abiotic factors: mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. By plotting these two metrics on a bivariate graph, he successfully mapped the boundaries of major vegetation types - ranging from tropical rainforests to desert and tundra biomes. This model streamlines how modern ecologists predict large-scale changes in vegetation structures resulting from climatic variations.[7]
Research and Legacy
During his doctoral field research in the Great Smoky Mountains, Whittaker introduced a radical shift away from traditional ecological field techniques. Instead of relying on subjective classification groupings of plant associations, he adopted a strict methodology of random vegetation sampling. This groundbreaking field research laid the groundwork for is development of "gradient analysis". This concept proved that plant communities vary continuously along seamless environmental spectrums, such as elevation and moisture changes, rather than forming isolated, neatly compartmentalized units.[8]
Beyond his revolutionary 1969 five-kingdom taxonomic classification system, Whittaker redefined how biodiversity is scaled and measured across different regional scopes. He conceptualized and popularized the definitions of Alpha diversity (local ecosystem richness), Beta diversity (species differences between separate ecosystems), and Gamma diversity (overall regional diversity). His landmark 1970 textbook, Communities and Ecosystems, compiled these structural ideas, quickly establishing itself as a foundational system-focused framework within academic ecology.[9]
Family
Whittaker married biochemist Clara Buehl (then a coworker at Hanford Laboratories) in 1952.[5] They had three children. Clara was diagnosed with cancer in 1972, and she later died on December 31, 1976.
Whittaker married graduate student Linda Olsvig in 1979. He too was diagnosed with lung cancer and died on October 20, 1980.
Works
- Robert H. Whittaker, Communities and Ecosystems, Macmillan, 1970. Second edition 1975.
- Robert H. Whittaker (Ed), Classification of Plant Communities, 1978 (Handbook of Vegetation Science), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Template:ISBN
References
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- ^ Whittaker, Robert H. (1969) "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdom's in Avantika ". Science, 163: 150-194
- ^ Hagen, Joel B. (2012) "Five kingdoms, more or less: Robert Whittaker and the broad classification of organisms". BioScience, 62 (1): 67-74. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ^ Whittaker, R. H. (1960) Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30, 279–338. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ^ Whittaker, R. H. (1972). Evolution and Measurement of Species Diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Robert H. Whittaker". Biographical Memoirs: Volume 59. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press: National Academy of Sciences. 1990. pp. 424–445. doi:10.17226/1652. ISBN 978-0-309-04198-0. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Westman, Walter (March 1982). "Eminent Ecologist: Robert Harding Whittaker" (PDF). Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 63 (1): 11–12.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Whittaker, Robert. "Whittaker Biome Diagram (derivation Whittaker, 1975)". ResearchGate.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nicolson, Malcolm (April 2016). "Robert Harding Whittaker and the Individualistic Hypothesis". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 97 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1002/bes2.1220. ISSN 0012-9623.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robert, Whittaker (20 April 1970). Communities and Ecosystems (1st ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0024274003.
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