Rushani language
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Rushani is one of the Pamir languages spoken in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Rushani is relatively closer to all Northern Pamiri languages sub-group whether it is Shughni, Yazgulami, Sarikuli or Oroshori sharing many grammatical and vocabulary similarity with all of them especially with Shughni and thus some linguists consider it a dialect of Shughni.
Rushan is divided into two parts by Panj river where on right bank along Bartang river to the East located Rushan district of GBAO, Tajikistan and on the left side located several villages of Roshan area in northern part of the Sheghnan District, in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan. Afghani Roshan consists of six villages including Rubotin, Paguor, Chawed, York, Shaikhin and Chasnud, five of which are located on the bank of the river Panj, which meets[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] at the border of Tajikistan.[3] Most Rushani speakers belong to the Ismaili branch of Shi'a Islam.[3]
Language use
Rushani, like Shughni, is only used in unofficial settings. All of the children in the community learn Rushani as their first language and rely heavily on it until they enroll in school. It is only then that they learn the official language of the country.[3] Adult speakers are all bi- or tri-lingual in Tajik and Russian.
Traditionally Rushani was not a written language, with Rushani speakers writing in Persian.[4] Writing systems have been developed for the language using Cyrillic and Latin scripts, for example for use in translation of parts of the bible by the Institute for Bible Translation.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | ɵ | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | ɑ | |
Consonants
The following are the consonants of Rushani:[5]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | χ | (h) |
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʁ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||||
- /r/ can be realised as a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
- A glottal /h/ may also appear due to the influence of Tajik.[6]
Orthography
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| Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | Д д | D d | Й й | Y y | П п | P p | Ф ф | F f |
| А̄ а̄ | Ā ā | Д̌ д̌ | Δ δ | К к | K k | Р р | R r | Х х | X x |
| Б б | B b | Е е | E e | Қ қ | Q q | С с | S s | Х̌ х̌ | X̌ x̌ |
| В в | V v | Ж ж | Ž ž | Л л | L l | Т т | T t | Ц ц | C c |
| В̌ в̌ | W w | З з | Z z | М м | M m | Т̌ т̌ | Θ ϑ | Ч ч | Č č |
| Г г | G g | Ҙ ҙ | Ӡ ӡ | Н н | N n | У у | U u | Ҷ ҷ | J̌ ǰ |
| Г̌ г̌ | Ɣ̌ ɣ̌ | И и | I i | О о | O o | Ӯ ӯ | Ū ū | Ш ш | Š š |
| Ғ ғ | Ɣ ɣ | Ӣ ӣ | Ī ī | О̄ о̄ | Ō ō | У̊ у̊ | Ů ů |
Verbs
Rushani is unusual in having a transitive alignment system – a so-called double-oblique clause structure – in the past tense. That is, in the past tense,[7] the agent and object of a transitive verb are both marked, while the subject of an intransitive verb is not. In the present tense, the object of the transitive verb is marked, the other two roles are not – that is, a typical nominative–accusative alignment.[8] See transitive alignment for examples.
Literature
- Zarubin, I.I. Bartangskie i rushanskie teksty i slovar. Moskva : Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1937.
- Payne, John, "Pamir languages" in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Schmitt (1989), 417–444.
- Payne, John. "The decay of ergativity in Pamir languages." Lingua 51:147-186.
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Rushani Dialect of Shughni". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ^ a b Shughni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Muller, K. 2010: Language in Community-Oriented and Contact-Oriented Domains: The Case of the Shughni of Tajakistan. SIL International.
- ^ Dodykhudoeva, L. 2007: Revitalization of minority languages: comparative dictionary of key cultural terms in the languages and dialects of the Shugni-Rushani group. London: SOAS.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edelman, D (Joy) I.; Dodykhudoeva, Leila R. (2009). The Pamir Languages. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages: Routledge: London and New York. pp. 773–786.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edel'man, Džoy I.; Yusufbekov, Shodikhon P. (2000). Rušanskij Yazyk. In Rastorgueva, Vera, Džoy I. Edel'man & V. V. Moškalo, Vostočnoiranskie Yazyki. (Yazyki Mira: Iranskie Yazyki, III.): Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR. pp. 242–253.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ or perhaps perfective aspect
- ^ J.R. Payne, 'Language Universals and Language Types', in Collinge, ed. 1990. An Encyclopedia of Language. Routledge. From Payne, 1980.
External links
- Rushani [1] at the Endangered Languages Project
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