FSB Border Service of Russia
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| Border Service of the FSB of the Russian Federation Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
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| Agency overview | |
| Formed | June 12, 1992 |
| Employees | 170,000 (2017)[1] |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Federal agency | Russia |
| Operations jurisdiction | Russia |
| Size | 20,241 lineal kilometers |
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| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Lubyanka Square 2, Moscow, Russia |
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| Parent agency | File:Flag of Federal security service.svg Federal Security Service |
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The Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (Template:Abbr.; Template:Langx) is a branch of the Federal Security Service of Russia tasked with patrol of the Russian border.
The terms Border Service of Russia (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Border Force of Russia (Script error: No such module "Lang".) are also common, while in English, the terms "Border Guards" and "Border Troops" are frequently used to designate this service. The Border Service numbers around 170,000 active members,[1] which includes the Russian maritime border guard units (i.e., the coast guard).
Mission
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Responsibilities of the Border Service of Russia include:
- Defence of the Russian national border, prevention of illegal crossing of the land and sea border by people and goods (smuggling)
- Protection of economic interests of the Russian Federation and its natural resources within land and sea border areas, territorial waters and internal seas, including prevention of poaching and illegal fishing
- Combat any threats to national security in the border area, including terrorism and foreign infiltration
History
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The Soviet Border Troops were the border guard of the Soviet Union, subordinated to its subsequently reorganized state security agency: first to Cheka/OGPU, then to NKVD/MVD/MGB and, finally, to KGB. Accordingly, they were known as NKVD Border Troops and KGB Border Troops. Unlike border guards of many other countries, Soviet Border Troops were a centralized force including also the marine units of the Border Troops (i.e., a coast guard).
Russian Federation
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, General Colonel Ilya Kalinichenko was both the last chief of the Soviet Border Guards and the first chief of the succeeding Russian force.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Colonel-General Vladimir Shlyakhtin, the first new Russian commander, said the situation when he took command was "chaotic."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
The Federal Border Service of Russia (Template:Langx, a.k.a. FPS) was created on December 30, 1993, as a separate government agency. The agency retained some old traditions, most notably the dark green-coloured uniform and Border Guards Day (an official holiday commemorated by celebrations of ex-servicemen). The First minister of the FPS was Andrei Nikolayev, a young and outspoken general who later became deputy of the State Duma.
Russia also took over the Soviet Border Guards which were stationed outside of Russia most notably in southern Tajikistan, in order to guard the border with Afghanistan, until summer 2005. On the Afghan-Tajik border on many occasions they fought drug-traffickers and Islamic extremists. At the same time, however, there were repeated reports that the entry of drugs across the border had been facilitated by officials. Armenia's closed border with Turkey and open border with Iran were also supervised by Russian border guards.
In July 1993, after the tragic death of Russian border guards at the 12th outpost on the Tajik-Afghan border, Russian President Boris Yeltsin dismissed General Shlyakhtin.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Colonel General Andrei Nikolayev was soon appointed Commander of the Russian Border Troops and Deputy Minister of Security of Russia.[2] In December 1993, his position was renamed, and he became Commander-in-Chief of the Border Troops of the Russian Federation. In December 1994, the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation was created, and Nikolayev was then appointed its first director. He was promoted to Army General by a presidential decree dated November 17, 1995.
By the late 1990s the previous Soviet organisation was no longer adequate. General Nikolayev publicly said in July 1997 that a "fundamental restructuring" has already begun, including a "demilitarization" of the Border Service.[3] The Red Banner Baltic Border District had already disappeared in the process of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania breaking away from the Soviet Union. By Decree of the President of Russia dated August 1, 1998, the North-Western Border District was renamed the North-Western Regional Directorate of the FPS.[4] All other border districts were also abolished.
On March 11, 2003, Russian president Vladimir Putin changed the status of the Border Service from a separate agency into a branch of the Russian Federal Security Service. The new conversion took effect on July 1, 2003. The current head of the FSB Border Service is General Vladimir Pronichev. The Border Service of Russia is tasked with a defence of one of the longest national borders in the world.[citation needed]
In April 2012 Vladimir Pronichev announced that the country was planning to build 20 frontier posts in the Arctic region. Reasons for this development can be found in the increased abilities to explore hydrocarbon deposits in the north. It will also give Russia an ability to patrol and service the Northern Sea Route.[5]
In July 2014 Ukraine opened a criminal case against the head of the FSB Border Service Vladimir Kulishov; he was accused of financing "illegal military groups" in Eastern Ukraine who at the time fought against the Ukrainian army.[6][7][8]
Vladimir Kulishov claimed in May 2024 that about 70% of the weapons and equipment used by his service is "modern" (100% in the "operationally difficult" directions). He also said that more than 50 types of technical means were taken for supply by the service in 2023–2024, including UAVs, means to detect and counter them, coastal radars and thermal-optical imaging systems. About 150 domestic systems are in use.[9]
In August 2024, Ukrainian forces crossed the border into Kursk Oblast during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine resulting in part of the oblast becoming under Ukrainian occupation.[10] Conscripts from the FSB Border Service unsuccessfully defended the Russia–Ukraine border in the Kursk Oblast.[11]
The Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, announced in early 2025 that as of March 1, 2025, Armenian Border Guards would have relieved all remaining Russian border guards along Armenia's borders.
Structure
Command
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- The head of the Border Service – General of the Army Vladimir Kulishov (deputy director of Russia's FSB)
- First Deputy Head of the Border Service – Lieutenant-General Vladimir Rozhkov
- First Deputy Head of the Border Service – the head of the Organizational Department, Colonel-General Mansur Masgutovich Valiev
- Deputy head of Russia's FSB Border Service – the chief international treaty management Lieutenant-General Alexander L. Manilov
- Deputy Chief of the Border Service – Lieutenant-General Victor Trofimovich Trufanov
- Deputy Chief of the Border Service – Maj. Gen. Alexander O. Mizon
- Deputy Chief of the Border Service – Maj. Gen. Nikolai Nikolaevich Rybalkin
- Deputy Chief of the Border Service – Lieutenant General Gennady Semenovich Simuhin
Lineup
Changes in the regional structure of the Border Service, instead of ten regional border offices (see the old FPS structure) for the new scheme includes 7 regional border offices (in the federal districts) and 30 border offices in 2005. Includes the Coast Guard of the FSB Border Service.
Regional border offices:
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Central Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Southern Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Ural Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Volga Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Siberian Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Northwestern Federal District
- FSB Regional Border Directorate of the Far Eastern Federal District
As adopted by presidential decree No. 457, dated April 23, 2001, the following educational institutions form part of the BS-FSS:
- Border Forces Academy of the BS-FSS
- Military Medical Institute, the Border Service of Russia's FSB in the Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy
- Golitsynsky Military Institute of the Border Service
- Kaliningrad Military Institute of the Border Service
- Kurgan Military Institute of the Border Service
- Moscow Border Institute of the FSB
- Khabarovsk Border Institute of the FSB
- The First Cadet Corps of the Border Service
Enterprises, institutions and organizations which are subordinate to the Border Service:
- Medical and health institutions
- Repair plant
- Parts logistics, technical, and other support
Foreign operations
Armenia
The basis for the deployment of Russian border guards in Armenia is an interstate agreement concluded on September 30, 1992. The border department of the FSB of Russia in Armenia includes four border detachments: one in Gyumri, Armavir, Artashat and Meghri, as well as a separate checkpoint at the Zvartnots International Airport. The maintenance of about 4.5 thousand Russian border guards in Armenia is financed from the budgets of both states. Russian border guards also guard the borders of Armenia with Turkey and Iran.[12][13] Between 1992 and 2025, Russian border guards officially protected Armenia's borders with Turkey and Iran.[14] After that, border protection was transferred to Armenian border guard units.[15]
Tajikistan
From 1992 to 2005, there was a Group of Russian Border Troops in the Republic of Tajikistan. Border guards were repeatedly and credibly suspected of being involved in the drugs trade across the Tajik-Afghan border.[16] Senior officers arranged transfers by military aircraft.
Abkhazia
In Abkhazia, the base of the coast guard patrol ships of the Russian FSB Border Guard Service is located in the seaside town of Ochamchire. The goal is to assist the Abkhaz Navy in ensuring the security of its maritime borders.
Equipment
Aircraft
Helicopters
- Kamov Ka-27 Helix
- Mil Mi-8 Hip
- Mil Mi-24 Hind
- Mil Mi-26 Halo
Firearms
- PKM machine gun
- SVD
- AK-74 series of rifles + GP-25/30/34 (options)
- KS-23 (and variants)
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Emblem of the Federal Border Service of Russia in the 1990s
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Flag of the Federal Border Service of Russia from 1999 to 2003
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Flag of the FPS Border Troops from 1999 to 2003
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Flag of the FPS Border Aviation Service from 1999 to 2003
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Flag of the FPS Marine Guard from 1999 to 2003
See also
- Border Security Zone of Russia
- Awards of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation
- Awards of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation#Border Guard Service of the FSB
- Khabarovsk Border Institute of the FSB of the Russian Federation
Notes
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Paper" (PDF). info.publicintelligence.net. 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Архивированная копия". Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Head Of Border Guards Announces "Restructuring;" Expresses Concern About Military Reform And Budget Cuts". Jamestown Monitor. 1997-07-15.
- ^ Report on the results of the audit of the use of federal budget funds allocated for the maintenance of the North-Western Regional Directorate of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Russia to create 20 frontier posts in Arctic". Russia & India Report. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ukraine calls businessman and Russian defense minister 'accomplices of terrorists'". wqad.com. 22 July 2014.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ukraine opens criminal case against Russian Border Service chief - Xinhua - English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."In Ukraine opened criminal case against Dmitry Kiselyov". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Российские пограничники используют современное вооружение, заявили в ФСБ". Новости MOS.NEWS (in русский). Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weiss, Michael (14 August 2024). "How Ukraine Caught Putin's Forces Off Guard in Kursk — And Why". New Lines Magazine.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."As Ukraine advances in Kursk, families of north Russian conscripts cry mercy". The Barents Observer. 15 August 2024.
- ^ Прощание с Пянджем. Российские пограничники покидают Таджикистан
- ^ Российские пограничники убили турецкого пастуха, обстрелявшего их на территории Армении.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Armenian Guards Assume Control of Armenia-Iran Border". 30 December 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."From March 1, solely Armenian Border Guard Troops to control all entry and exit points of Armenia, announces Pashinyan". 20 March 2025. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moore, Kathleen (May 7, 2004). "Tajikistan: Heroin Busts Tie Russian Military To Drug Trade". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
References
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bennett, Gordon (2002). "The Federal Border Guard Service" (PDF). Conflict Studies Research Centre. (C107, March 2002)
- Лубянка. Lubyanka. Органы ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-НКГБ-МГБ-МВД-КГБ 1917–1991. Справочник, документы (Международный фонд Демократия, Москва 2003) - Authorities VCHK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917–1991. Reference documents (International Fund for Democracy, Moscow 2003)
- Приложение No. 2 к Указу Президента Российской Федерации от 19 июля 1997 г. No. 732 [Annex 2 to decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 19, 1997, No. 732]
External links
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- Official website Template:In lang
- Central Border guard museum Script error: No such module "webarchive". Template:In lang
- Border Guard profile on agentura.ru Template:In lang
- Russian non-military security forces
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