Mahabad

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Mahabad
Template:Langx
Template:Langx
City
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The Mahabad River
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CountryIran
ProvinceWest Azerbaijan
CountyMahabad
DistrictCentral
Population
 (2016)[3]
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Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Total
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Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
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Websitewww.mohabad-ag.ir
[4]

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Mahabad (Template:Langx)[a] is a city in the Central District of Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[6] Due to its historic significance to Kurdish nationalism, Mahabad is seen as the capital of Iranian Kurdistan by the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.[7]

Etymology

Mahabad first became the name of the city after World War I, during the reign of Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941). Before that, it was known as Savojbolagh, a Persian corruption of the Turkic word soghuk bulak (meaning "cold spring"). The Kurdish version was Sablagh.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

History

File:Coin of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, minted in Savujbulagh (Mahabad).jpg
Coin of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834), minted in Savojbolagh (Mahabad), dated 1814/5. Civic copper issue
File:Panoramic view of Mahabad-19510105-نمایی از شهر مهاباد-۱۳۳۷-۱۰-۱۵.jpg
Panoramic view of Mahabad, January 1959

Savojbolagh is first attested in the 16th century, during the Safavid era.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Mukri Kurds participated in several wars between the Safavid dynasty and Ottoman Empire, and gained more predominance. In the 17th century, Savojbolagh became the seat of Mukri principality (known as Mukriyān in Sorani Kurdish and Mokriyān in Persian). Many believe Budaq Sultan Mukri who built Savojbolagh's congregational mosque is the founder of the current town.

Republic of Mahabad

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Mahabad was the capital of the short-lived Republic of Mahabad, which was declared independent on 1 January 1946, under the leadership of Kurdish nationalist Qazi Muhammad.

The republic received strong support from the Soviet Union, which had occupied northern Iran following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran during World War II. It included the majority Kurdish-speaking towns of Bukan, Piranshahr, Sardasht and Oshnavieh.[8]

After an agreement brokered by the United States, the Soviets agreed to leave Iran, and sovereignty was restored to Mohammad Reza Shah in 1947. The Shah ordered an invasion of the Republic of Mahabad shortly afterwards, the leaders of the republic including Qazi Muhammad were arrested and executed.[9][10][11] Qazi Muhammad was hanged on 31 March 1947. At the behest of Archibald Roosevelt Jr., who argued that Qazi had been forced to work with the Soviets out of expediency, U.S. ambassador to Iran George V. Allen urged the Shah not to execute Qazi or his brother, only to be reassured: "Are you afraid I'm going to have them shot? If so, you can rest your mind. I am not." Roosevelt later recounted that the order to have the Qazis killed was likely issued "as soon as our ambassador had closed the door behind him," adding with regard to the Shah: "I never was one of his admirers".[12]

Islamic Republic of Iran

On 7 May 2015, the people of the city rioted following the unexplained death on 4 May 2015 of Farinaz Khosravani, a hotel chambermaid. Khosravani fell to her death from a fourth-floor window of the Tara hotel, the hotel where she worked. Anger mounted following reports that Khosravani died attempting to escape an official who was threatening to rape her. The rioters reportedly set fire to the hotel where Khosravani worked.[13]

Demographics

Language and religion

Most of Mahabad is populated by Kurds who follow the Sunni branch of Islam. Besides Kurdish, many[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">vague] speak Persian and Azeri Turkic as well.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Neo-Aramaic-speaking Jews originally used to inhabit the city as well.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 133,324 in 31,000 households.[14] The following census in 2011 counted 147,268 people in 38,393 households.[15] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 168,393 people in 47,974 households.[3]

Employment

In 1977, the employment rate of the city was 95.8%, much higher than the provincial average of 86%. However, after the Iranian revolution of 1979 the employment rate fell and reached 88.8% in 1997.[16]

Geography

Location

The city lies south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level.[17][18]

Mahabad County is bordered by the counties of Urmia and Miandoab to the north; by the counties of Piranshahr and Naqadeh to the west and the northwest respectively; by the county of Sardasht to the southwest; and by the county of Bukan to the east.

Climate

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Culture

The prolific translator into Persian, Mohammad Ghazi, came from Mahabad. He translated more than 70 important literary works into Persian. Some poets and writers have hailed from this city in the 19th and 20th century. Wafaei (1844–1902), Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharfkandi) (1920–1990), Hêmin (Sayyed Moháammad Amini Shaykho-al-Eslam Mokri) (1920–1986), Abdorrahamn Zabihi (1920–1980) and Giw Mukriyani, all from Mahabad, are considered as the main writers and poets. The first Kurdish-Kurdish-Persian Dictionary in Iran was written by Hejar. Kurdistan's national poet was the title given to Hejar(along with Hêmin) during the short lived reign of the Republic of Mahabad in recognition of his poetry's service to the cause[3]. After the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, "Hêmin" set up the Salaha-al-Din Ayyubi Kurdish publishing house in Urmia, which publishes Sirwe (from spring 1985), a quarterly cultural magazine that Hêmin ran until his death in 1986 [4]. The dialect of Mahabad, is adopted as the literary standard of Kurdish language in western Iran (which is very close to the standard "sorani" used in Iraqi Kurdistan).

Transportation

By road, Mahabad is 122 kilometres away from the provincial capital Urmia, and 679 kilometres away from Tehran.

Railway

In 2013, Mahabad was connected to the national railway and a 40 kilometre route between the city and Miandoab was established. The project was inaugurated in the presence of then president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[22]

Bus system

In 2000, the Mahabad bus service was inaugurated with five buses which operated three routes within the city. By 2007, the number of buses had reached 39 which operated nine routes.[23]

Sports

The biggest sports complex in Mahabad is the Azadi Sports Complex. The complex has a football ground which was built in 1973, a 2,000 seat covered arena, a wrestling hall, table tennis complex, weightlifting hall and a gymnastics hall.[24]

Volleyball

Volleyball is the most popular sport in Mahabad[25] and the city has several teams playing in the different levels of the Iranian league system. Mahabad's rise in volleyball dates back to the 1990s, when Farmandarie Mahabad became champions of the Iranian first division (second tier). In 1995, the team then went on to finish a record fourth in the Iranian Super League, however the team was dissolved only shortly after.[26] Farhad Piroutpour is the most successful player to have come from Mahabad, he has been a member of the Iran national volleyball team since 2011.

In 2012, after two decades, Farmandarie Mahabad was re-established and began competing in the Iranian first division. In 2013, another team by the name of Shahrdari Mahabad was formed and started competing in the West Azerbaijan Super League.

Notable people

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Template:Langx; romanized in Kurdish as Mehabad; also known as Mihābād and Muhābād;[5] and formerly Savojbolagh (Persian: ساوجبلاغ)

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.OpenStreetMap contributors (25 September 2024). "میدان حسین فهمیده [Hoseyn Fahmideh Square], Mahabad, بخش مرکزی مهاباد [Central District of Mahabad], Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, 59148-34336, Iran" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in فارسی). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  2. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان آذربایجان غربی [General Population and Housing Census 2016: West Azerbaijan Province]. Script error: No such module "Lang". [Statistical Centre of Iran] (in فارسی). Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Statistical. "Center of Iran > Home". www.amar.org.ir. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  5. ^ [[[:Template:GEOnet ufi search]] Mahabad] at GEOnet Names Server
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Habibi, Hassan (12 September 1990) [Script error: No such module "Lang". (Approval date) 1369/06/21 (Iranian Jalali calendar)]. تصویب سازمان و سلسله تابعیت عناصر و واحدهای تقسیمات کشوری استان آذربایجان غربی به مرکزیت شهر ارومیه [‌Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia]. Script error: No such module "Lang". [Lam ta Kam] (in فارسی). Script error: No such module "Lang". [Ministry of the Interior]. Script error: No such module "Lang". [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board]. Script error: No such module "Lang". [ID] D6D37EAB-50D7-43D6-B320-D774C01ADE50. Script error: No such module "Lang". [Course number] 69, Script error: No such module "Lang". [Volume number] 3. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iranian Kurdistan". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 244–245. ISBN 1-85043-416-6. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  9. ^ McDowall, David, A Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004). Template:ISBN.
  10. ^ [1] Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-465-01965-6.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Riot Erupts in Iran's Kurdish Capital Over Woman's Death". The New York Times. 7 May 2015.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان آذربایجان غربی [General Population and Housing Census 2006: West Azerbaijan Province]. Script error: No such module "Lang". [Statistical Centre of Iran] (in فارسی). Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1390 : استان آذربایجان غربی [General Population and Housing Census 2011: West Azerbaijan Province]. Iran Data Portal—Syracuse University (in فارسی). Script error: No such module "Lang". [Statistical Centre of Iran]. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  16. ^ مدیریت شهرسازی و معماری، سازمان مسکن و شهرسازی آذربایجان غربی. طرح جامع شهر مهاباد. ج. اول (شناخت وضع موجود). پویا نقش شهر و بنا، ۱۳۸۵. پنجاه و سه.
  17. ^ S. J. Laizer, Martyrs, Traitors, and Patriots: Kurdistan after the Gulf War, Zed Books, 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 56.
  18. ^ Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship, .B.Tauris, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 28.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Mahabad". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Station: Mahabad (40726)". Chaharmahalmet (asp) (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."MOHABAD - Weather data by month". meteomanz. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^ http://www.kurdpress.com/Fa/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=43928#Title=
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."پورتال شهرداری مهاباد".
  24. ^ http://www.sport-ag.ir/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1301&tabid=6063
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."مهاباد قطب جدید والیبال ایران (عکس)".
  26. ^ http://nedayemoj.ir/?p=1324
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."پدر پخشان عزیزی، مددکار اجتماعی محکوم به اعدام: دخترم تنها به انسان‌های آسیب‌دیده کمک می‌کرد". BBC Persian (in فارسی). 11 January 2025. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kurdish scholar, former U of W prof, succumbs to cancer". windsorstar.com. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kurdish woman helps cure fatal brain cancer". Kurdistan 24. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2026.
  30. ^ Iranica - HAŽĀR

Sources

  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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