Carl Sandburg

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Carl Sandburg
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Sandburg in 1955
Born
Carl Sandberg[1]

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Galesburg, Illinois, U.S.
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Flat Rock, North Carolina, U.S.
OccupationJournalist, author, and editor
EducationLombard College (non-graduate)
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Military Service
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AllegianceUnited States
Branch
U.S. Army
Service years
1898
Rank
Private
Unit6th Illinois Infantry
Conflicts
Spanish–American War
 • Puerto Rico
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Lilian Steichen
​
​
(m. 1908)​
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Children3
RelativesEdward Steichen (brother-in-law)
George Crile Jr. (son-in-law)
Mary Calderone (niece)
Signature
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Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as "a major figure in contemporary literature", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920).[2] He enjoyed "unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life".[3] When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America."[4]

Life

File:Carl Sandburg 1914 Edit.jpg
Sandburg c. 1914

Carl Sandburg was born in a three-room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois, to Clara Mathilda (née Anderson) and August Sandberg,[1] both of Swedish ancestry.[5] He adopted the nickname "Charles" or “Charlie” in elementary school and, along with his two oldest siblings, changed the spelling of the family name to "Sandburg".[1][6][7]

At the age of thirteen, Sandburg left school and began driving a milk wagon. Between approximately ages fourteen and seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg.[8] He later returned to the milk route for eighteen months before working as a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas.[9]

After a period at Lombard College in Galesburg,[10] Sandburg worked in various jobs, including as a hotel servant in Denver and a coal-heaver in Omaha, Nebraska. He began his writing career as a journalist for the Chicago Daily News and went on to write poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. He also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. Sandburg lived primarily in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan before moving to North Carolina.

During the Spanish–American War, Sandburg volunteered for military service and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry,[11] landing at Guánica on July 25, 1898, though he did not see combat. He attended the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York for two weeks but left after failing mathematics and grammar examinations. He returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College, leaving without a degree in 1903.

Sandburg subsequently moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he worked for a newspaper and joined the Wisconsin Social Democratic Party, affiliated with the Socialist Party of America. Sandburg served as secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's socialist mayor from 1910 to 1912. Sandburg later stated that his experiences in Milwaukee were formative for his life and work.[12]

File:4646 N. Hermitage Ave.JPG
Sandburg's home in Ravenswood, Chicago, where he wrote "Chicago", designated a Chicago Landmark in 2005.[13]

In 1907, Sandburg met Lilian Steichen (1883–1977), sister of photographer Edward Steichen, at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office. They married the following year and had three daughters. Their first daughter, Margaret, was born in 1911. The family later lived in Harbert, Michigan; the Ravenswood neighborhood of Chicago; and then in Maywood, Illinois.[12][13] From 1919 to 1930, they resided at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois.

During his years living in Chicago's western suburbs, Sandburg published several major works, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920).[2] He received a Pulitzer Prize in 1919, funded by a special grant from the Poetry Society of America, for Cornhuskers.[14] He also wrote three children's books—Rootabaga Stories (1922), Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930)—as well as Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926), The American Songbag (1927), and Good Morning, America (1928). The Elmhurst home was later demolished; the site is now a parking lot.

Sandburg moved to Michigan in 1930. In 1940, he won the Pulitzer Prize for History for Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, the four-volume sequel to The Prairie Years, and in 1951 received a second Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, for Complete Poems.[14][15][note 1] In 1945, he settled at Connemara, a 246-acre (100 ha) estate in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, where he lived with his wife, daughters, and grandchildren and produced a substantial portion of his later writings.[16]

File:Carl-Sandburg-Remembrance-Rock.jpg
Remembrance Rock gravesite

On February 12, 1959, during the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, Sandburg delivered an address before a joint session of Congress following actor Fredric March’s reading of the Gettysburg Address.[17] Sandburg supported the civil rights movement and received the NAACP Silver Plaque Award in recognition of his contributions to civil rights.[18]

Sandburg died of natural causes in 1967 and his body was cremated. The ashes were interred under "Remembrance Rock", a granite boulder located behind his birth house in Galesburg.[19][note 2]

Career

Poetry and prose

File:RootabagaStories.jpg
Rootabaga Stories (book 1, 1922)

Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as "Chicago", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News and The Day Book. His most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."

Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg, Corn Huskers, and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years).[15] Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. The Rootabaga Stories were born of Sandburg's desire for "American fairy tales" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the "Five Marvelous Pretzels".

In 1919, Sandburg was assigned by his editor at the Daily News to do a series of reports on the working classes and tensions among whites and African Americans. The impetus for these reports were race riots that had broken out in other American cities. Ultimately, major riots broke out in Chicago too, but much of Sandburg's writing on the issues before the riots caused him to be seen as having a prophetic voice. A visiting philanthropist, Joel Spingarn, who was also an official of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, read Sandburg's columns with interest and asked to publish them, as The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919.[20][21]

Lincoln works

Sandburg's popular multivolume biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, 2 vols. (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (1939) are collectively "the best-selling, most widely read, and most influential book[s] about Lincoln."[22] The books have been through many editions, including a one-volume edition in 1954 prepared by Sandburg.

File:Sandburgs four volume work on Abraham Lincoln.png
Sandburg's biography of Lincoln

Sandburg's Lincoln scholarship had an enormous impact on the popular view of Lincoln. The books were adapted by Robert E. Sherwood for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938) and David Wolper's six-part dramatization for television, Sandburg's Lincoln (1974). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance – Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the New York Philharmonic. Some historians suggest more Americans learned about Lincoln from Sandburg than from any other source.[23]

The books garnered critical praise and attention for Sandburg, including the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years. But Sandburg's works on Lincoln also received substantial criticism. William E. Barton, who had published a Lincoln biography in 1925, wrote that Sandburg's book "is not history, is not even biography" because of its lack of original research and uncritical use of evidence, but Barton nevertheless thought it was "real literature and a delightful and important contribution to the ever-lengthening shelf of really good books about Lincoln."[24] Historian Milo Milton Quaife criticized Sandburg for not documenting his sources and questioned the accuracy of The Prairie Years, noting they contain a number of factual errors.[22] Others have complained The Prairie Years and The War Years contain too much material that is neither biography nor history, saying the books are instead "sentimental poeticizing" by Sandburg.[22] Sandburg himself may have viewed his works more as an American epic than as a mere biography, a view also mirrored by other reviewers.[22]

Folk music

Sandburg's 1927 anthology the American Songbag enjoyed enormous popularity, going through many editions, and Sandburg himself was perhaps the first American urban folk singer, accompanying himself on solo guitar at lectures and poetry recitals, and in recordings, long before the first or the second folk revival movements (of the 1940s and 1960s, respectively).[25] According to the musicologist Judith Tick:

As a populist poet, Sandburg bestowed a powerful dignity on what the '20s called the "American scene" in a book he called a "ragbag of stripes and streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth ... rich with the diversity of the United States." Reviewed widely in journals ranging from the New Masses to Modern Music, the American Songbag influenced a number of musicians. Pete Seeger, who calls it a "landmark", saw it "almost as soon as it came out." The composer Elie Siegmeister took it to Paris with him in 1927, and he and his wife Hannah "were always singing these songs. That was home. That was where we belonged."[26]

Film

Sandburg said he considered working on D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916), but his first film work was when he signed on to work on the production of The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) in July 1960 for a year, receiving an "in creative association with Carl Sandburg" credit on the film.[27]

Legacy

File:Carl Sandburg by H. J. Turner.png
Portrait by H. J. Turner, 1923

Commemoration

Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife's ashes are buried.[28] Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois. Carl Sandburg High school is located in Orland park, Illinois.[29] During the Spanish-American War, Sandburg was stationed at Camp Alger in Fairfax County, Virginia and so the county has both a Sandburg Road near the spot where the camp was located and a Carl Sandburg Middle School.

File:Carl Sandburg quote, Hereford, TX IMG 4875.JPG
Sandburg on historical roots, displayed at Deaf Smith County Museum, Hereford, Texas

On January 6, 1978, the 100th anniversary of his birth, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sandburg. The spare design consists of a profile originally drawn by his friend William A. Smith in 1952, along with Sandburg's own distinctive autograph.[30]

The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (RBML)[31] houses the Carl Sandburg Papers. The bulk of the collection was purchased directly from Carl Sandburg and his family. In total, the RBML owns over 600 cubic feet of Sandburg's papers, including photographs, correspondence, and manuscripts.[32][33]

In 2011, Sandburg was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.[34]

Namesakes

Carl Sandburg Village was a 1960s urban renewal project in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership.

Numerous schools are named for Sandburg throughout the United States, and he was present at some of these schools' dedications. (Some years after attending the 1954 dedication of Carl Sandburg High School in Orland Park, Illinois, Sandburg returned for an unannounced visit; the school's principal at first mistook him for a hobo.)[35]Sandburg Halls, a student residence hall at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, carries a plaque commemorating Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor.

Carl Sandburg Library opened in Livonia, Michigan, in 1961. The name was recommended by the Library Commission as an example of an American author representing the best of literature of the Midwest. Carl Sandburg had taught at the University of Michigan for a time.[36]

Galesburg opened Sandburg Mall in 1975, named in honor of Sandburg.

Amtrak added the Carl Sandburg train in 2006 to supplement the Illinois Zephyr on the Chicago–Quincy route.[37]

Carl Sandburg Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, part of Fairfax County Public Schools, was named in honor of Sandburg in 1985.

In 2000, the Chicago Public Library Foundation created the Carl Sandburg Literary Award, given annually to "an acclaimed author whose work has enhanced the public’s awareness of the written word."[38][39]

Politics

Carl Sandburg began his political involvement as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party of Wisconsin, affiliated with the Socialist Party of America, and served as secretary to Milwaukee's socialist mayor Emil Seidel from 1910 to 1912. Initially a committed socialist, he left the Socialist Party in 1917 due to disagreements with its opposition to U.S. participation in World War I, instead supporting President Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the conflict.[40]

Although Sandburg continued to hold some socialist sympathies—such as voting for Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in the 1920 United States presidential election—he later described himself as a "radical independent". During the 1920s, his political views moved to the right, and he developed a strong interest in Abraham Lincoln, whose life and leadership became central themes in his work. This interest culminated in his publication of Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939). His study of Lincoln reflected an increasing alignment with liberalism.[41]

In the 1930s, Sandburg's political orientation shifted toward the Democratic Party. He supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, drawing parallels between Roosevelt's policies and Lincoln's leadership during the Civil War. Sandburg publicly expressed his support for New Deal programs such as Social Security and federal employment initiatives through his writings and public appearances.[42][43]

By the 1950s, Sandburg endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections, participating in campaign activities and publicly commending Stevenson's platform.[44] In 1960, he supported John F. Kennedy’s presidential campaign, speaking at rallies and expressing approval of Kennedy's New Frontier program, which he viewed as a continuation of Roosevelt’s legacy.[45]

In other media

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Bibliography

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See also

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References

Footnotes

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  1. ^ The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry was inaugurated in 1922 but the organization now considers the first winners to be three recipients of 1918 and 1919 special awards.
  2. ^ His wife and two daughters would also be interred there. See the signage.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sandburg, Carl (1953). Always the Young Strangers. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 29, 39. Sandburg's father's last name was originally "Danielson" or "Sturm". He could read but not write, and he accepted whatever spelling other people used. The young Carl, sister Mary, and brother Mart changed the spelling to "Sandburg" when in elementary school.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Danilov, Victor (September 26, 2013). Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials. Scarecrow Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780810891869. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heitman, Danny (March–April 2013). "A Workingman's Poet". Humanities. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Callahan, North (October 1, 1990). Carl Sandburg: His Life and Works. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0271004860. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  5. ^ "Carl Sandburg", United States History.
  6. ^ Sandburg in 1953 was not able to recall his younger self's reasons, but he relates that being able to correctly pronounce "ch" was a mark of assimilation among Swedish immigrants.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Penelope Niven (August 18, 2012). "American Masters: Carl Sandburg Timeline". PBS. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
  8. ^ Prairie-Town Boy, by Carl Sandburg, 1955. "timforsythe.com" Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  9. ^ Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg, edited by Rebecca West, 1954
  10. ^ Carl Sandburg College. "History" Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  11. ^ *Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mason, Herbert Molloy Jr. (1999). Kolb, Richard K. (ed.). VFW: Our First Century. Lenexa, Kansas: Addax Publishing Group. pp. 13, 90. ISBN 1-88611072-7. LCCN 99-24943.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg and the Steichens". January 1998.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg House" (PDF). City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. October 4, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Poetry" Script error: No such module "webarchive".. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."12 Search Results". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sandburg Grandchildren - Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nation Honor Lincoln On Sesquicentennial" (PDF). Yonkers Herald Statesman. Northern Illinois University Libraries. Associated Press. February 11, 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013. Congress gets into the act tomorrow, when a joint session will be held. Carl Sandburg, famed Lincoln biographer, will give and address, and actor Fredric March will read the Gettysburg Address.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg cited by NAACP". Baltimore Afro-American. November 30, 1965.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg's ashes placed under Remembrance Rock". The New York Times. October 2, 1967. p. 61.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grossman, Ron (July 19, 2019). "Flashback: Before Chicago erupted into race riots in 1919, Carl Sandburg reported on the fissures". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sandburg, Carl (1919). The Chicago Race Riots July, 1919. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurt, James (Winter 1999). "Sandburg's Lincoln within History". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 20 (1): 55–65. doi:10.5406/19457987.20.1.05. hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0020.105.
  23. ^ Niven, Penelope, Carl Sandburg: A Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1991), p. 536.
  24. ^ Barton, William E., "Review of The Prairie Years," American Historical Review 31 (July 1926): pp. 809–11.
  25. ^ Malone, Bill C., and David Stricklin (2003). Southern Music/American Music (University Press of Kentucky, 2003), p. 33.
  26. ^ Tick, Judith, Ruth Crawford Seeger, A Composer's Search for American Music (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 57.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg on 20th's 'Greatest'". Variety. July 6, 1960. p. 24. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via Archive.org.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg Historic Site Association". Sandburg.org. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Home - Carl Sandburg High School". sandburg.d230.org. February 10, 2026. Retrieved February 9, 2026.
  30. ^ Scott Catalogue.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rare Book and Manuscript Library". Library.uiuc.edu. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg Papers (Ashville accession)". library.illinois.edu. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg Papers (Connemara accession)". library.illinois.edu. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Koziol, Ronald (January 6, 1991). "A Poet's Legacy at Sandburg High". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg Library Homepage". Livonia.lib.mi.us. 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  37. ^ Amtrak Press Release, October 8, 2006. Amtrak.com.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."About the Chicago Public Library Foundation Awards". Chicago Public Library Foundation. May 2, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."October 23 Dinner Honors Allende, Lewis and Sneed". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  40. ^ «Searching for Sandburg». *The New York Times*. 1996.
  41. ^ «Carl Sandburg». *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature*.
  42. ^ «Carl Sandburg». *NCpedia*. 2013.
  43. ^ «Political Leadership and the Need for a New America». *History News Network*. 2019.
  44. ^ «The Other Carl Sandburg». *IWW Store*.
  45. ^ «John F. Kennedy and Carl Sandburg». *ECU Special Collections*. 2006.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."von Brecht?". Die Zeit. August 12, 2004.
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nelson Mandela University Choir History". Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  48. ^ "Bob Gibson's 'The Courtship of Carl Sandburg'", lyon.edu. Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."earthsongs, one world · many voices". earthsongschoralmusic.com. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carl Sandburg Sings On WMAQ Today". The Milwaukee Journal. January 10, 1928. Retrieved December 6, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  51. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The American Songbag (1927)". Retrieved April 25, 2013.

Template:IL Poets Laureate

Further reading

  • Niven, Penelope. Carl Sandburg: A Biography. New York: Scribner's, 1991.
  • Sandburg, Carl. The Letters of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
  • Sandburg, Helga. A Great and Glorious Romance: The Story of Carl Sandburg and Lilian Steichen. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.

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Archival materials

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