Manilkara zapota
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| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics (L.) P.Royen
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| Synonyms | |
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| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 347 kJ (83 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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19.96 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 5.3 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.1 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0.44 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manilkara zapota, commonly known as sapodilla (Template:IPAc-es/pronunciation: [ˌsapoˈðiʝa]),[4] sapote, chicozapote, chico, chicoo, chicle, naseberry, nispero, or soapapple, among other names,[5][6]Template:Rp is an evergreen tree native to southern Mexico and Central America. An example natural occurrence is in coastal Yucatán, in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion, where it is a subdominant plant species.[7] It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonization.[8] It is grown in large quantities in Mexico and in tropical Asia, including India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, as well as in the Caribbean.
Common names
Most of the common names of Manilkara zapota like "sapodilla", "chiku", and "chicozapote" come from Spanish meaning "little sapote".[6]Template:Rp Other common names in English include bully tree, soapapple tree, sawo, marmalade plum[9] and dilly tree.[10]
The specific epithet zapota is from the Spanish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., which ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word Script error: No such module "Lang". used for other similar-looking fruits.[6]Template:Rp
Description
A sapodilla tree can live up to one hundred years.[11][12] It can grow to more than 30 m (98 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m (5 ft); but the average height of cultivated specimens is usually between 9 and 15 m (30 and 49 ft) with a trunk diameter not exceeding 50 cm (20 in).[13] It is wind-resistant and the bark is rich in a white, gummy latex called chicle. Its leaves are elliptic to ovate 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long with entire margins on 1–3 cm (0–1 in) long petioles; they are medium green and glossy with brown and slightly furry midribs. They are arranged alternately.[14]
The trees can survive only in warm, typically tropical environments (although it has low tolerance to drought and heat in its early years),[15] dying easily if the temperature drops below freezing. From germination, the sapodilla tree will usually take anywhere from five to eight years to bear fruit. The sapodilla trees yield fruit twice a year, though flowering may continue year round.[16]
The white flowers are inconspicuous and bell-like, with a six-lobed corolla.
Fruit
The fruit is a large berry, 4–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter.[14][17] An unripe fruit has a firm outer skin and when picked, releases white latex (chicle) from its stem. A fully ripened fruit has saggy skin and does not release chicle when picked. Inside, its flesh ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown color with a grainy texture akin to that of a well-ripened pear. Each fruit contains one to six seeds.[17] The seeds are hard, glossy, and black, resembling beans, with a hook at one end that can catch in the throat if swallowed.
The ripe fruit has an exceptionally sweet, malty flavor. The unripe fruit is hard to the touch and contains high amounts of saponin, which has astringent properties similar to tannin, drying out the mouth.[citation needed]
Biological studies
Compounds extracted from the leaves showed anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-lowering) effects in rats.[18]
Acetone extracts of the seeds exhibited in vitro antibacterial effects against strains of Pseudomonas oleovorans and Vibrio cholerae.[19]
Synonyms
Synonyms of this species include:[20]
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Uses
The fruit is edible and a favorite in the tropical Americas.[21] Chicle from the bark is used to make chewing gum.
See also
References
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- ^ Template:Cite iucn
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Template:NCBIBook.
- ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Small, Ernest (2011). Top 100 Exotic Food Plants. Boca Raton, Louisiana, USA: CRC Press. pp. 515–524. ISBN 978-1-4398-5688-8.
- ^ World Wildlife Fund. eds. Mark McGinley, C.Michael Hogan & C. Cleveland. 2010. Petenes mangroves. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fernandez, Doreen G. (1997). Fruits of the Philippines. Makati City, Luzon, Philippines: Bookmark Inc. p. 22. ISBN 971-569-261-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Manilkara zapota". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tulloch, Adrian; Goldson-Barnaby, Andrea; Bailey, Dennis; Gupte, Sonal (2020). "Manilkara zapota (Naseberry): Medicinal Properties and Food Applications". International Journal of Fruit Science. 20: S1–S7. Bibcode:2020IJFS...20S...1T. doi:10.1080/15538362.2019.1687071.
- ^ Horticulture: Crop Plantation Guidence [sic] - The Sapota (Chickoo). India Agro. Retrieved 8 August, 2023.
- ^ Introduction to Sapota. Agri Farming. Retrieved 14 August, 2023.
- ^ Manilkara zapota Sapotaceae (L.) van Royen, Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/ Script error: No such module "webarchive".)
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Manilkara zapota". Flora of North America. Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America Association. 2009. pp. 232, 234–235 – via eFloras.
- ^ Growing Sapodilla: Manilkara zapota. Garden Oracle. Retrieved 8 August, 2023. "Heat tolerant: These trees have difficulty when young, over 90°F, and when mature, over 105°F. They will need afternoon shade and extra water in these temperatures. Drought tolerant: Yes, after three years."
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kute, L.S.; Shete, M.B. (1995). "Sapota (Sapodilla)". Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology. CRC Press. pp. 475–476. doi:10.1201/9781482273458-31. ISBN 978-0-429-15273-3.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harris, Kate (2009). Trees of Belize. Belize: Bay Cedar Publishing. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-9927582-0-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fayek NM, Monem AR, Mossa MY, Meselhy MR, Shazly AH (2012). "Chemical and biological study of Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen leaves (Sapotaceae) cultivated in Egypt". Pharmacognosy Research. 4 (2): 85–91. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.94723. PMC 3326762. PMID 22518080.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kothari V, Seshadri S (2010). "In vitro antibacterial activity in seed extracts of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus indica". Biol. Res. 43 (2): 165–8. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602010000200003. PMID 21031260.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Calotropis gigantea (L.) P. Royen". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 14.
External links
- CRFG Publications: Sapodilla Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Sapodilla – Fruits of Warm Climates – Julia F. Morton
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