Isotopes of selenium

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox selenium isotopes Selenium has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se, which has a half-life about 330,000 years,[1] and 82Se, which has the very long half-life of 8.76×1019 years as it decays via double beta decay to krypton-82 and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived after 79Se being 75Se with its half-life 119.78 days, 72Se at 8.40 days, and 73Se at 7.15 hours. The others are all under an hour and most do not exceed 38 seconds.

List of isotopes

Template:Isotopes table |-id=Selenium-63 | rowspan=3|63Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=3|62.98191(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2016 | rowspan=3|13.2(39) ms | β+, p (89%) | 62Ge | rowspan=3|3/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (11%) | 63As |- | 2p? (<0.5%) | 61Ge |-id=Selenium-64 | rowspan=2|64Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30 | rowspan=2|63.97117(54)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2005 | rowspan=2|22.6(2) ms | β+? | 64As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p? | 63Ge |-id=Selenium-65 | rowspan=2|65Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2|64.96455(32)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1993 | rowspan=2|34.2(7) ms | β+, p (87%) | 64Ge | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (13%) | 65As |-id=Selenium-66 | rowspan=2|66Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2|65.95528(22)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1993 | rowspan=2|54(4) ms | β+ | 66As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p? | 65Ge |-id=Selenium-67 | rowspan=2|67Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33 | rowspan=2|66.949994(72) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1991 | rowspan=2|133(4) ms | β+ (99.5%) | 67As | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (0.5%) | 66Ge |-id=Selenium-68 | 68Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 67.94182524(53) | style="text-align:center" | 1990 | 35.5(7) s | β+ | 68As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-69 | rowspan=2|69Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2|68.9394148(16) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1974 | rowspan=2|27.4(2) s | β+ (99.95%) | 69As | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (.052%) | 68Ge |-id=Selenium-69m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 38.85(22) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1988 | 2.0(2) μs | IT | 69Se | 5/2− | | |-id=Selenium-69m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 574.0(4) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1988 | 955(16) ns | IT | 69Se | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-70 | 70Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 69.9335155(17) | style="text-align:center" | 1950 | 41.1(3) min | β+ | 70As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-71 | 71Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 70.9322094(30) | style="text-align:center" | 1957 | 4.74(5) min | β+ | 71As | (5/2−) | | |-id=Selenium-71m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 71m1Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 48.79(5) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1982 | 5.6(7) μs | IT | 71Se | (1/2−) | | |-id=Selenium-71m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 71m2Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260.48(10) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1982 | 19.0(5) μs | IT | 71Se | (9/2+) | | |-id=Selenium-72 | 72Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 71.9271405(21) | style="text-align:center" | 1948 | 8.40(8) d | EC | 72As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-73 | 73Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 72.9267549(80) | style="text-align:center" | 1948 | 7.15(9) h | β+ | 73As | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-73m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 73mSe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 25.71(4) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1953 | rowspan=2|39.8(17) min | IT (72.6%) | 73Se | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (27.4%) | 73As |-id=Selenium-74 | 74Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 73.922475933(15) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 1] | 0+ | 0.0086(3) | |-id=Selenium-75 | 75Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 74.922522870(78) | style="text-align:center" | 1947 | 119.78(3) d | EC | 75As | 5/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-76 | 76Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 75.919213702(17) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.0923(7) | |-id=Selenium-77 | 77Se[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 76.919914150(67) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 1/2− | 0.0760(7) | |-id=Selenium-77m | style="text-indent:1em" | 77mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161.9223(10) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1947 | 17.36(5) s | IT | 77Se | 7/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-78 | 78Se[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 77.91730924(19) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.2369 (22) | |-id=Selenium-79 | 79Se[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 78.91849925(24) | style="text-align:center" | 1950 | 3.27(28)×105 y | β− | 79Br | 7/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-79m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mSe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 95.77(3) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1950 | rowspan=2|3.900(18) min | IT (99.94%) | 79Se | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0.056%) | 79Br |-id=Selenium-80 | 80Se[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 79.9165218(10) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.4980(36) | |-id=Selenium-81 | 81Se[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 80.9179930(10) | style="text-align:center" | 1949 | 18.45(12) min | β− | 81Br | 1/2− | | |-id=Selenium-81m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mSe[n 2] | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 103.00(6) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1949 | rowspan=2|57.28(2) min | IT (99.95%) | 81Se | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0.051%) | 81Br |-id=Selenium-82 | 82Se[n 2][n 5] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 81.91669953(50) | style="text-align:center" | 1922 | 8.76(15)×1019 y | β−β− | 82Kr | 0+ | 0.0882(15) | |-id=Selenium-83 | 83Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 82.9191186(33) | style="text-align:center" | 1937 | 22.25(4) min | β− | 83Br | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-83m | style="text-indent:1em" | 83mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 228.92(7) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1947 | 70.1(4) s | β− | 83Br | 1/2− | | |-id=Selenium-84 | 84Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 83.9184668(21) | style="text-align:center" | 1960 | 3.26(10) min | β− | 84Br | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-85 | 85Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 84.9222608(28) | style="text-align:center" | 1960 | 32.9(3) s | β− | 85Br | (5/2)+ | | |-id=Selenium-86 | rowspan=2|86Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2|85.9243117(27) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1973 | rowspan=2|14.3(3) s | β− | 86Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n? | 85Br |-id=Selenium-87 | rowspan=2|87Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=2|86.9286886(24) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1968 | rowspan=2|5.50(6) s | β− (99.50%) | 87Br | rowspan=2|(3/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (0.60%) | 86Br |-id=Selenium-88 | rowspan=2|88Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=2|87.9314175(36) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1970 | rowspan=2|1.53(6) s | β− (99.01%) | 88Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (0.99%) | 87Br |-id=Selenium-89 | rowspan=2|89Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2|88.9366691(40) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1971 | rowspan=2|430(50) ms | β− (92.2%) | 89Br | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (7.8%) | 88Br |-id=Selenium-90 | rowspan=2|90Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 | rowspan=2|89.94010(35) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1994 | rowspan=2|210(80) ms | β− | 90Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n? | 89Br |-id=Selenium-91 | rowspan=3|91Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57 | rowspan=3|90.94570(47) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1975 | rowspan=3|270(50) ms | β− (79%) | 91Br | rowspan=3|1/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n (21%) | 90Br |- | β−, 2n? | 89Br |-id=Selenium-92 | rowspan=3|92Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58 | rowspan=3|91.94984(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1997 | rowspan=3|90# ms [>300 ns] | β−? | 92Br | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 91Br |- | β−, 2n? | 90Br |-id=Selenium-92m | style="text-indent:1em" | 92mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3072(2) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2012 | 15.7(7) μs | IT | 92Se | (9−) | | |-id=Selenium-93 | rowspan=3|93Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59 | rowspan=3|92.95614(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1997 | rowspan=3|130# ms [>300 ns] | β−? | 93Br | rowspan=3|1/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 92Br |- | β−, 2n? | 91Br |-id=Selenium-93m | style="text-indent:1em" | 93mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.2(7) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2012 | 420(100) ns | IT | 93Se | | | |-id=Selenium-94 | rowspan=3|94Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60 | rowspan=3|93.96049(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1997 | rowspan=3|50# ms [>300 ns] | β−? | 94Br | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 93Br |- | β−, 2n? | 92Br |-id=Selenium-94m | style="text-indent:1em" | 94mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2430.0(6) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2020 | 680(50) ns | IT | 94Se | (7−) | | |-id=Selenium-95 | rowspan=3|95Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 | rowspan=3|94.96730(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2010 | rowspan=3|70# ms [>400 ns] | β−? | 95Br | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 94Br |- | β−, 2n? | 93Br |-id=Selenium-96 | 96Se[2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 62 | |style="text-align:center" | 2024 | | | | | | |-id=Selenium-97 | 97Se[2] | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 63 | |style="text-align:center" | 2024 | | | | | | Template:Isotopes table/footer

Use of radioisotopes

The isotope selenium-75 has radiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192.[3]

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ82/76Se) can be used to track down the redox conditions on Earth during the Neoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of the rapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.[4][5]

See also

Daughter products other than selenium

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jorg, Gerhard; Buhnemann, Rolf; Hollas, Simon; Kivel, Niko; Kossert, Karsten; Van Winckel, Stefaan; Gostomski, Christoph Lierse v. (2010). "Preparation of radiochemically pure 79Se and highly precise determination of its half-life". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 68 (12): 2339–51. Bibcode:2010AppRI..68.2339J. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006. PMID 20627600.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4) 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shoemaker T; Vuong T; Glickman H; Kaifi S; Famulari G; Enger SA (2019). "Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105 (4): 875–883. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003. PMID 31330175. S2CID 198170324.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Stüeken, Eva E.; Elliott, Tim; Poulton, Simon W.; Dehler, Carol M.; Canfield, Don E.; Catling, David C. (2015-12-18). "Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere". Nature Communications. 6 (1) 10157. Bibcode:2015NatCo...610157P. doi:10.1038/ncomms10157. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4703861. PMID 26679529.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stüeken, Eva E. "Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time" (PDF). core.ac.uk.

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