Prunus spinosa

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Fruit
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Distribution map
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Synonyms[1]
List
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    • Druparia spinosa (Clairv.)
    • Prunus acacia (Crantz)
    • Prunus acacia (Crantz ex Poir.)
    • Prunus acacia-germanica (Crantz)
    • Prunus amygdaliformis (Pau)
    • Prunus approximata (Giraudias)
    • Prunus communis var. spinosa ((L.) Hook. & Arn.)
    • Prunus domestica var. spinosa ((L.) Kuntze)
    • Prunus ericiflora (A.Sav.)
    • Prunus erythrocalyx (Clav.)
    • Prunus erythrocalyx var. rubella (Clav.)
    • Prunus foecundissima (Clav.)
    • Prunus glomerata (A.Sav.)
    • Prunus insititia var. spinosa ((L.) Weston)
    • Prunus kurdica (Fenzl ex Fritsch)
    • Prunus lucens (Sav.)
    • Prunus lucida (Clav.)
    • Prunus moldavica (Kotov)
    • Prunus oxypyrena (Clav.)
    • Prunus podolica Template:Au
    • Prunus praecox (Salisb.)
    • Prunus rubella (Clav.)
    • Prunus spinosa f. erythrocalyx ((Clavaud) Browicz & Ziel.)
    • Prunus spinosa var. balearica (Willk.)
    • Prunus spinosa var. erythrocalyx ((Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus)
    • Prunus spinosa var. oxypyrena ((Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus)
    • Prunus spinosa var. pubescens (Ficalho & Cout.)
    • Prunus spinosa var. rubella ((Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus)
    • Prunus spinosa var. stenopetala ((Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus)
    • Prunus spinosa var. subcinerea (Cout.)
    • Several other varieties of Prunus spinosa
    • Prunus stepposa (Kotov)
    • Prunus subcylindrica (Sav.)
    • Prunus subvillosa (Debeaux)
    • Prunus vulgatior var. stenopetala (Clav.)

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Prunus spinosa, called blackthorn or sloe, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is native to Europe and West Asia, and has been naturalized in parts of North America.

The fruits are used to make sloe gin in Great Britain and patxaran in Basque Country. The wood is used to make walking sticks, including the Irish shillelagh.

Description

Prunus spinosa is a large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5 metres (16 ft) tall, with blackish bark and dense, stiff, spiny branches. The leaves are oval, Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.2–4.5 centimetres (3⁄4–1+3⁄4 inches) long and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1.2–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad, with a serrated margin. The flowers are about Template:Cvt in diameter, with five creamy-white petals; they are produced shortly before the leaves in early spring,[3] and are hermaphroditic and insect-pollinated. The fruit, called a "sloe", is a drupe Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.10–12 millimetres (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) in diameter, black with a purple-blue waxy bloom, ripening in autumn. In the United Kingdom, they are traditionally harvested in October or November, after the first frosts, as this makes the skin softer and easier to process for the purposes of making sloe gin.[4] Sloes are thin-fleshed, with a very strongly astringent flavour when fresh.[5] Its fruit persists for an average of 36.7 days, and bears an average of 1 seed per fruit. Fruits average 77.6% water, and their dry weight includes 10.6% carbohydrates and 0.6% lipids.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Blackthorn usually grows as a bush but can grow to become a tree to a height of Template:Cvt. Its branches usually grow forming a tangle.[6][7]

Prunus spinosa is frequently confused with the related P. cerasifera (cherry plum), particularly in early spring when the latter starts flowering somewhat earlier than P. spinosa.[citation needed] They can be distinguished by flower colour, pure white in P. spinosa, creamy white in P. cerasifera. In addition, the sepals are bent backwards in P. cerasifera, but not in P. spinosa.[8] They can be distinguished in winter by the shrubbier habit with stiffer, wider-angled branches of P. spinosa; in summer by the relatively narrower leaves of P. spinosa, more than twice as long as broad;[5][9][page needed] and in autumn by the colour of the fruit skin purplish black in P. spinosa and yellow or red in P. cerasifera.[10]Template:Rp

Prunus spinosa has a tetraploid (2n=4x=32) set of chromosomes.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Like many other fruits with pits, the pit of the sloe contains trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide.[11]

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Etymology

The specific name Script error: No such module "Lang". is a Latin term indicating the pointed and thornlike spur shoots characteristic of this species. The common name

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is due to the thorny nature of the shrub, and possibly its very dark bark: it has a much darker bark than the white-thorn (hawthorn), to which it is contrasted.[12]

The word commonly used for the fruit,

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, comes from Old English Script error: No such module "Lang"., cognate with Old High German Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Modern German Script error: No such module "Lang"..[13] Other cognate forms are the Frisian and Middle Low German[a] Script error: No such module "Lang"., the Middle Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang".; the Modern Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang".; the Modern Low German Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".;[13][14] and the Danish Script error: No such module "Lang"..[13]

The names related to sloe come from the common Germanic root

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, itself comparable to the Old Slavic, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian and Russian Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang"., Ukrainian Script error: No such module "lang".),[14][13] and the West Slavic/Polish Script error: No such module "Lang"., referring to a plum of any species, including sloe. The root Script error: No such module "Lang". is present in other Slavic languages, such as Bosnian, Bulgarian Script error: No such module "Lang"., Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian (Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Distribution and habitat

P. spinosa is native to Europe, western Asia, and locally in northwest Africa.[5][15] It is also locally naturalized in Tasmania and eastern North America.[15]

Ecology

File:Taphrina pruni, Pocket Plum gall.JPG
Pocket plum gall on blackthorn, caused by the fungus Taphrina pruni

The foliage is sometimes eaten by the larvae of Lepidoptera, including the small eggar moth, emperor moth, willow beauty, white-pinion spotted, common emerald, November moth, pale November moth, mottled pug, green pug, brimstone moth, feathered thorn, brown-tail, yellow-tail, short-cloaked moth, lesser yellow underwing, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, double square-spot, black hairstreak, brown hairstreak, hawthorn moth (Scythropia crataegella) and the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Dead blackthorn wood provides food for the caterpillars of the concealer moth Esperia oliviella.[citation needed]

Uses

The shrub, with its long, sharp thorns, is traditionally used in Britain and other parts of northern Europe to make a cattle-proof hedge.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The fruit is similar to a small damson or plum, suitable for preserves, but rather tart and astringent for eating fresh unless it is picked after the first few days of autumn frost. This effect can be reproduced by freezing harvested sloes.[16]

Since the plant is hardy, and grows in a wide range of conditions, it is used as a rootstock for many other species of plum, as well as some other fruit species.[citation needed]

Flavoring

The juice is used in the manufacture of fake port wine, and it was used as an adulterant to impart roughness to genuine port, into the 20th century.[17][18][19] In rural Britain a liqueur, sloe gin, is made by infusing gin with sloes and sugar; vodka can also be infused with sloes.[20] Similarly, in Northern Greece, they make a blackthorn liqueur by infusing tsipouro with the fruit and adding sugar.[citation needed]

In Navarre, Spain, a popular liqueur called Script error: No such module "Lang". is made with sloes.[citation needed] In France a liqueur called Script error: No such module "Lang"., or just Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., is made from the young shoots in spring (rather than from fruits in autumn).[citation needed] (Script error: No such module "Lang"., likewise, is an infusion of early shoots of blackthorn macerated with sugar in wine.)[21][22] In Italy, the infusion of spirit with the fruits and sugar produces a liqueur called Script error: No such module "Lang". (sometimes Script error: No such module "Lang".).[citation needed] In France, Script error: No such module "Lang". is distilled from fermented sloes in regions such as the Alsace. Wine made from fermented sloes is made in Britain, and in Germany and other central European countries.[citation needed] It is also sometimes used in the brewing of lambic beer in Belgium.[citation needed]

Culinary

Sloes can also be made into jam, chutney,[20] and used in fruit pies. Sloes preserved in vinegar are similar in taste to Japanese Script error: No such module "lang".. The juice of the fruits dyes linen a reddish colour that washes out to a durable pale blue.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The leaves resemble tea leaves, and were used as an adulterant of tea.[18][23]

The fruit stones have been found in Swiss lake dwellings.[18] Early human use of sloes as food is evidenced in the case of a 5,300-year-old human mummy (nicknamed Ötzi), discovered in the Ötztal Alps along the Austrian-Italian border in 1991: a sloe was found near the remains, indicating that Ötzi intended to eat it before he died.[24][25]

Wood

Blackthorn makes an excellent fire wood that burns slowly with a good heat and little smoke.[26] The wood takes a fine polish and is used for tool handles and canes.[23] Straight blackthorn stems have traditionally been made into walking sticks or clubs (known in Ireland as a shillelagh).[27] In the British Army, blackthorn sticks are carried by commissioned officers of the Royal Irish Regiment; this is a tradition also in Irish regiments in some Commonwealth countries.[citation needed]

Inks

Rashi, a Talmudist and Tanakh commentator of the High Middle Ages, writes that the sap (or gum) of P. spinosa (which he refers to as the Script error: No such module "Lang".) was used as an ingredient in the making of some inks used for manuscripts.[28]

A "sloe-thorn worm" used as fishing bait is mentioned in the 15th-century work, The Treatyse of Fishing with an Angle.[29]

In culture

In the United Kingdom, the term 'blackthorn winter' is an old phrase originating in rural England to describe a cold period in early Spring when blackthorn is in flower.[30]

The flowering of the blackthorn may have been associated with the ancient Celtic celebration of Imbolc, traditionally celebrated on February 1 in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[31]

In Middle English, Script error: No such module "Lang". was used to denote something of trifling value.[32][14]

The expression "sloe-black eyes" for a person with dark eyes comes from the fruit,[33] and is first attested in William Somervile's 1735 poem The Chace.[34]

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, meanwhile, is first attested in A. J. Wilson's 1867 novel Vashti.[35]

The name of the dark-coloured cloth prunella was derived from the French word Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'sloe'.[36]

Notes

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  1. ^ Both Frisian and Middle Low German were historically spoken in Lower Saxony.

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Prunus spinosa L." The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species (ver. 1.1 ed.). Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  2. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clapham, A.C.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1968). Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04656-4.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mabey, Richard (2007). Food for Free (3rd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 47.
  5. ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[page needed]
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kilbracken, J. (1995). Larousse Easy Way Guide to Trees. Larousse. ISBN 0-7523-0027X.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Prunus spinosa – Sloe, Blackthorn". PFAF Plant Database.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Blackthorn flowers". Tree Guide UK. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vedel, H.; Lange, J. (1978). "Prunus spinosa". Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow. London, UK: Methuen. ISBN 0-14-063010-4. [page needed]
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (4th ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C. & M. Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Schlehen entkernen – ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit?" [Pitting sloes: An impossible thing?]. Garten Journal (in Deutsch). 12 November 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johns, Charles Alexander (1882). "The Blackthorn". The Forest Trees of Britain. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 103–112, esp. 105 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli, eds. (1906). "sloe". The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. Vol. 7 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."sloe". Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Prunus spinosa L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Lynda (July 1994). "Damson time". House & Garden. Vol. 166. pp. 140–142, esp. 142 – via Google Books. In former times people waited to pick the sloes until the first frost which makes the skins more permeable ... [A proprietor] which makes one of the best sloe gins, recommends freezing the fruit first.
  17. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  18. ^ a b c Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.White, Florence (1952). Good English Food, Local and Regional. p. 52 – via Google Books. It appears that the cheaper kinds of so-called port consumed in this country are largely adulterated with sloe-juice.
  20. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kerri (10 Oct 2010). "Sloe gin and sloe chutney". Dinner Diary. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pasty, Gilbert (1999). Glossaire des dialectes marchois et haut limousin de la Creuse. G. Pasty. p. 155. ISBN 978-2-9513615-0-8 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seaton, Jessica (2017). Gather Cook Feast: Recipes from land and water by the co-founder of Toast. Penguin UK. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-241-29885-5 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ a b Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ghose, Tia (8 November 2012). "Mummy melodrama: Top 9 secrets about Ötzi the Iceman". LiveScience. part 7. Retrieved 10 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ötzi the Iceman". The Copper Age. Museo Archeologico dell'Alto Adige. 2016. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Burning Properties of Wood (PDF) (Report). The Scout Association. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-23.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chouinard, Maxime (2007). The stick is king: The Shillelagh Bata or the rediscovery of a living Irish martial tradition (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  28. ^ Talmud Bavli, Tractate Shabbat 23a
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berners, Dame Juliana (attributed to) (3 August 2006) [c. 1420]. The Treatyse of Fishing with an Angle. Waking Lion Press. ISBN 978-1-60096-446-6.
  30. ^ Verasamy, Lucy. "The return of the blackthorn winter", ITV News, April 10, 2019
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aveni, Anthony F. (2004). The Book of the Year: A brief history of our seasonal holidays. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-19-517154-3.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis, Robert E., ed. (1988). "slō". Middle English Dictionary. University of Michigan Press. p. 1063. ISBN 0-472-01198-7 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.James A. H. Murray (1919). A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society. Kragen Javier Sitaker. Clarendon Press at Oxford.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.William Somerville (1675-1742) (1735). The chase; 1735.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."prunella". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2021-05-22 – via merriam-webster.com.

Bibliography

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